2010/10/26

READING, GENRE: PROCEDURE TEXT

Materi Bahasa Inggris: Procedure Texts
March 25, 2010 — har

READING, GENRE: PROCEDURE TEXT

Materi, Soal dan Pembahasan Bahasa Inggris Ujian Nasional SMP

Procedure/Procedural Text, Teks Prosedur, adalah teks yang berisi prosedur, instruksi, proses, cara, atau langkah-langkah dalam membuat/melakukan (mengoperasikan) sesuatu.

Ciri-ciri Procedure Text:

1. Struktur umumnya (generic structure) terdiri dari:

Goal/Aim: tujuan dan maksud isi teks. Contoh: How to make sandwich…

Material/Tool: bahan atau alat-alat yang dibutuhkan untuk membuat/melakukan sesuatu. Contoh: The materials are as follows: 1. Two slides of bread, 2. Fried-egg, strawberry jam, chocolate sprinkles, ….

Steps/Procedures: langkah-langkah atau prosedur dalam melakukan/membuat sesuatu. Contoh: First, take two slides of bread and …

2. Menggunakan tenses “simple present”

3. Sering memakai kalimat Perintah (imperatives/orders). Contoh: Turn on the lamp, Put the rice into the rice cooker, Don’t forget to press the ‘on’ button, …

4. Kata-kata urutan (sequences). Contoh: first, second, then, next, the last, finally…

2010/10/23

THE IMPORTANCE OF MASTERING ENGLISH

ENGLISH SPEECH
Title : The Importance of Mastering English
Grade : SMA/MA/SMK/University
Script : Mr. Jasmansyah_ www.mgmp2008.wordpress.com

Bismillahirrahmaanirrahiem,
Assalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarokatuh,
Your Excellencies the committee,
The honorable juries,
Dear my friends who participate in this speech contest,
And my loving brothers and sisters
In the name of Allah, the Beneficent and the Merciful.
All praises be to Allah SWT, the lord of the world, the master of the day after, the
creator of everything in this Universe, where he has no partner. He has also given us
such deeply enjoyable, particularly faith and healthy comfort, hence, we could attend
here in a good situation.
Peace and Salutation be upon our prophet Muhammad SAW, who has taught us the
cardinal principles of the unity of God, obliged us to confess it with the tongue and
believe it in the heart. He also has brought us from the darkness to the brightness, from
stupidity to cleverness, in the other word “Minazzhulumaati Ilannuur”
Ladies and Gentlemen,
Indeed, it is very great pleasure for me in this precious chance to deliver my speech to
the most honorable audiences entitled:
“The Importance of Mastering English”
Ladies and Gentlemen,

Language plays an important role in human life. One tries to acquire, learn and use
language as a means of communication, and simultaneously as social symbol of
humanity. By using language someone could make statements, convey facts and
knowledge, explain or report something, and keep social relations among the language
users. These indicate that by means of language, people can express their ideas, feeling,
information etc through communication.
Ladies and Gentlemen,
As one of language in the world, English is considered and applied as international
language. Since then, it is very popular and have been spoken and learnt by almost
people in the world. There are some reasons why English is important and many
people attempt to learn it. Some of them are: for finding job, traveling, interacting one
each other, doing business, taking examination, doing research, writing in the foreign
language, etc.
Ladies and Gentlemen,
In such developing country like Indonesia, English has a vital role in all aspects of life,
particularly in science and technology. Furthermore, it can be used for developing
relationships in the international forum, for reading English book (especially for
students from primary school up to colleges/university), to tighten the relationship
among nations in the world, etc. As students, we learn English are intended to obtain
various knowledge, to comprehend and understand the textbooks learned in English, to
gain knowledge and skills, and to be ready enter to the university, as one of the test
requirements for students of senior High School (SMA), etc. Looking at the above
important roles of English, that is why English is very important to understand and to
master by every people throughout the world since before.
My brothers and sisters!
At the end of my speech, I will quote a wise expression: “English will make everybody
survive and go anywhere”. This expression reminds us how importance of English for
human life is. As global or universal language, English is not only enables us to
communicate and interact with every people throughout the world, but also it could
alter our life to be better. Furthermore, we also must be aware that the western
countries play extra ordinary role in developing and keeping science and technology.
Thus, if we want to be a skilful scientists, linguists, and be able to compete with the
other countries in the world, we must understand, master and learn the language they
use, namely English.
Ladies and Gentlemen,
Before ending this speech, let me conclude the essential points of my speech:
1. English is highly necessary to be learned and mastered by everyone, in order to be
able to compete in the globalization era;
2. English is a key to open and master science and technology, because most of
scientists write their experts and inventions in English.

3. As students of high school (SMA), we have to prepare ourselves by learning hard,
particularly English as well as the other subjects at school;
4. By mastering English enables us to become survive and go anywhere throughout
the world;
Goethe (a Greek philosopher) has ever said:
“Knowing is not enough, we must apply. Willing is not enough, we must do”
Remember: Language indicates Nation. And Don’t Forget “English is a bridge for the
future”
Ladies and Gentlemen,
I think it’s completely enough for me to this point. The wrong utterances are caused by
limitation of my ability and the right ones are merely from Allah SWT. So, I beg your
pardon, finally I say.
Wassalamu’alaikum Warahmatullohi Wabarakatuh


Note:
This English speech script is written by Mr. Jasmansyah
Source: www.mgmp2008.wordpress.com
Edited and re-uploaded on www.haarrr.wordpress.com by Mr. Har

2010/10/21

THE NEGATIF EFFECTS OF TELEVISION IN OUR DAILY LIFE

ENGLISH SPEECH CONTEST
Topic : The Negative Effects of Television in Our Daily Life
Grade : SMP / SMA / SMK / College
Script :
To the honorable juries, teachers, participants, and all the audiences…
Assalamu’alaikum Wr.Wb.
Ladies and gantlemen…
Let us say Alhamdulillahirabbil’alamin to the Almighty Allah SWT, let us send our
salaam and shalawat to our beloved prophet Muhammad SAW.
Before I deliver my speech, I would like to say thank you very much for the MC who
has given me chance to join this English speech contest.
Brothers and sisters…
I would like to deliver my speech entitled: “The Negative Effects of Television in our
Life”.
Television is a popular form of communication medium in any household. It has also
become an important part in our daily life. It cannot be denied that television from
which we get information and entertainments, has contributed to the improvement of
our society. But, on the contrary, I think television tends to have a tremendous
influence on its viewers.
Ladies and gentlemen…
Instead of its advantages, the presence of television also affects negatively on our
society. First, based on the recent research, people of all ages use this media to
entertain themselves for an average of five hours a day. The content exposure of TV,
of course, will influence the viewers, not only their thinking but also attitudes. This
can be seen from the fact that many criminalities are inspired from the scene of TV.
Second, people can be adversely influenced by constant watching TV. They less
participate in physical and social activities, spend less time reading and working, and
see a work of violence that can affect their feeling of security.
The last, commercial advertisements on TV can be a kind of brain washing.
Physicologically, constant show of advertisements will create people’s images about
one product. No wonder people are easier to remember the motto or slogan of an
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©2009_ www.haarrr.wordpress.com
advertisement than to retrieve information that they have learned.
The participants and audiences…
Based on my explanation above, it is clear that TV will be a kind of monster if we
cannot manage it well. It is very important for us to handle and manage the
presence of television in order to overcome the negative effects of television,
especially for children and young generation.
That is my speech. I hope it will be useful for us. Thank you very much for your
attention.
Wassalamu’alaikum Wr.Wb.
Note :
effect (n) : pengaruh, dampak
affect (v) : berpengaruh
influence (v) : mempengaruhi
influence (n) : pengaruh

(TAKEN FROM ;http://haarrr.wordpress.com)

HOW TO FACE GLOBALIZATION ERA

ENGLISH SPEECH CONTEST
Topic : How to face globalization era
Grade : SMP / SMA / SMK / College
Script : Mr. Har _ http://haarrr.wordpress.com, e-mail: suehhar@live.com
Assalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb.
First of all, let us praise to the Almighty Allah SWT, because of His Blessing we are
able to attend this English speech contest. Secondly, may peace be upon the prophet
Muhammad Saw who has guided us from the darkness into the brightness.
I would also like to say many thanks to the juries and MC who have given me
opportunity to deliver an English speech in front of you all.
Ladies and Gentlemen…
The topic of my speech is “How to Face Globalization Era”.
As we all know, nowadays our world is in globalization era. We often hear it.
Globalization is the process of transformation of local or regional phenomena into
global or international phenomena. This process is a combination of economic,
technological, sociocultural and political forces. In other words, every country in this
world can influence other countries.
Because of globalization, this world which consists of many countries is like “a global
village”. This term refers to the fact that people are considered to live in this planet
without borders, without limitation. People are able to access any kinds of
information easily. There is no difficulty to communicate, there is no barrier to
interact with other people from all over the world.
Brothers and sisters…
Globalization has various aspects which affect the world, such as: in industry,
finance, economy, politics, technology, and socio-culture. If our country wants to
survive in this globalization era, we must be smart people. We should take all of the
positive effects of globalization and we should not take the negative effects. For
example: we need to adopt and learn high technology from developed country in
order to develop our country. On the contrary, we must not imitate bad attitudes or
behaviors from other countries like free sex and drugs abuse.
Brothers and sisters…
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©2009_ www.haarrr.wordpress.com
It is a fact that there are many challenges in globalization era. It cannot be denied
that globalization is related with competition and the ability to survive. The question
is: what should we do in order to face the globalization era?
The first one is, build up and strengthen good characters based on the religion. If we
are Moslem, the guide of our lives is Islam. Second, we must master technology in
order to develop our country. The last, always be ready to face any kinds of change
and competition by preparing and upgrading our skills.
Ladies and Gentlemen…
Brothers and Sisters…
That’s all my speech. Hopefully, it will be useful for all of us. Thank you very much
for your attention.
Wassalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb.

(taken from; http://haarrr.wordpress.com)

2010/10/20

STANDAR SARANA DAN PRASARANAN PENDIDIKAN

UU sisdiknas No 20/2003 Bab XII pasal 45 ayat 1 dijelaskan bahwa : "Setiap satuan pendidikan formal dan nonformal menyediakan sarana dan prasarana yang memenuhi keperluan pendidikan sesuai dengan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan potensi fisik, kecerdasan intelektual, sosial, emosional, dan kejiwaan peserta didik". Pasal ini menekankan pentingnya sarana dan prasarana dalam satuan pendidikan, sebab tanpa didukung adanya sarana dan prasarana yang relevan, maka pendidikan tidak akan berjalan secara efektif.

A. Pengertian Standar Sarana dan Prasarana Pendidikan

Standar adalah persyaratan minimal yang ditetapkan oleh
suatu lembaga. Standar ini akan berfungsi sebagai acuan dasar yang bersifat nasional bagi semua pihak yang berkepentingan, dalam tiga hal, yaitu (1) perencanaan dan perancangan sarana dan prasarana; (2) pelaksanaan pengadaan dan pemeliharaan sarana dan prasarana; dan (3) pengawasan ketersediaan dan kondisi sarana dan prasarana.

PENGERTIAN
1. Sarana adalah perlengkapan pembelajaran yang dapat dipindah-pindah.
2. Prasarana adalah fasilitas dasar untuk menjalankan fungsi sekolah/madrasah.
3. Perabot adalah sarana pengisi ruang.
4. Peralatan pendidikan adalah sarana yang secara langsung digunakan untuk pembelajaran.
5. Media pendidikan adalah peralatan pendidikan yang digunakan untuk membantu komunikasi dalam pembelajaran.
6. Buku adalah karya tulis yang diterbitkan sebagai sumber belajar.
7. Buku teks pelajaran adalah buku pelajaran yang menjadi pegangan peserta didik dan guru untuk setiap mata pelajaran.
8. Buku pengayaan adalah buku untuk memperkaya pengetahuan peserta didik dan guru.
9. Buku referensi adalah buku rujukan untuk mencari informasi atau data tertentu.
10. Sumber belajar lainnya adalah sumber informasi dalam bentuk selain buku meliputi jurnal, majalah, surat kabar, poster, situs (website), dan compact disk.
11. Bahan habis pakai adalah barang yang digunakan dan habis dalam waktu relatif singkat.
12. Perlengkapan lain adalah alat mesin kantor dan peralatan tambahan yang digunakan untuk mendukung fungsi sekolah/madrasah.
13. Teknologi informasi dan komunikasi adalah satuan perangkat keras dan lunak yang berkaitan dengan akses dan pengelolaan informasi dan komunikasi.
14. Lahan adalah bidang permukaan tanah yang di atasnya terdapat prasarana sekolah/madrasah meliputi bangunan, lahan praktik, lahan untuk prasarana penunjang, dan lahan pertamanan.
15. Bangunan adalah gedung yang digunakan untuk menjalankan fungsi sekolah/madrasah.
16. Ruang kelas adalah ruang untuk pembelajaran teori dan praktik yang tidak memerlukan peralatan khusus.
17. Ruang perpustakaan adalah ruang untuk menyimpan dan memperoleh informasi dari berbagai jenis bahan pustaka.
18. Ruang laboratorium adalah ruang untuk pembelajaran secara praktik yang memerlukan peralatan khusus.
19. Ruang pimpinan adalah ruang untuk pimpinan melakukan kegiatan pengelolaan sekolah/madrasah.
20. Ruang guru adalah ruang untuk guru bekerja di luar kelas, beristirahat, dan menerima tamu. 21. Ruang tata usaha adalah ruang untuk pengelolaan administrasi sekolah/madrasah.
22. Ruang konseling adalah ruang untuk peserta didik mendapatkan layanan konseling dari konselor berkaitan dengan pengembangan pribadi, sosial, belajar, dan karir.
23. Ruang UKS adalah ruang untuk menangani peserta didik yang mengalami gangguan kesehatan dini dan ringan di sekolah/madrasah.
24. Tempat beribadah adalah tempat warga sekolah/madrasah melakukan ibadah yang diwajibkan oleh agama masing-masing pada waktu sekolah.
25. Ruang organisasi kesiswaan adalah ruang untuk melakukan kegiatan kesekretariatan pengelolaan organisasi peserta didik.
26. Jamban adalah ruang untuk buang air besar dan/atau kecil.
27. Gudang adalah ruang untuk menyimpan peralatan pembelajaran di luar kelas, peralatan sekolah/madrasah yang tidak/belum berfungsi, dan arsip sekolah/madrasah.
28. Ruang sirkulasi adalah ruang penghubung antar bagian bangunan sekolah/madrasah.
29. Tempat berolahraga adalah ruang terbuka atau tertutup yang dilengkapi dengan sarana untuk melakukan pendidikan jasmani dan olah raga.
30. Tempat bermain adalah ruang terbuka atau tertutup untuk peserta didik dapat melakukan kegiatan bebas.
31. Rombongan belajar adalah kelompok peserta didik yang terdaftar pada satu satuan kelas.
PRASANA SEKOLAH
Sebuah SD/MI sekurang-kurangnya memiliki prasarana sebagai berikut:
1. ruang kelas,
2. ruang perpustakaan,
3. laboratorium IPA,
4. ruang pimpinan,
5. ruang guru,
6. tempat beribadah,
7. ruang UKS,8. jamban,
9. gudang,
10. ruang sirkulasi,
11. tempat bermain/berolahraga.
Sebuah SMP/MTs sekurang-kurangnya memiliki prasarana sebagai berikut:
1. ruang kelas,
2. ruang perpustakaan,
3. ruang laboratorium IPA,
4. ruang pimpinan,
5. ruang guru,
6. ruang tata usaha,
7. tempat beribadah,
8. ruang konseling,
9. ruang UKS,
10. ruang organisasi kesiswaan,
11. jamban,
12. gudang,
13. ruang sirkulasi,
14. tempat bermain/berolahraga.
Sebuah SMA/MA sekurang-kurangnya memiliki prasarana sebagai berikut:
1. ruang kelas,
2. ruang perpustakaan,
3. ruang laboratorium biologi,
4. ruang laboratorium fisika,
5. ruang laboratorium kimia,
6. ruang laboratorium komputer,
7. ruang laboratorium bahasa,
8. ruang pimpinan,
9. ruang guru,
10. ruang tata usaha,
11. tempat beribadah,
12. ruang konseling,
13. ruang UKS,
14. ruang organisasi kesiswaan,
15. jamban,
16. gudang,
17. ruang sirkulasi,
18. tempat bermain/berolahraga

Hubungan Antara Sarana Dan Prasarana Dengan Program Pengajaran

Jenis peralatan dan perlengkapan yang disediakan di sekolah mempunyai pengaruh besar terhadap proses belajar mengajar. Persediaan yang kurang dan tidak memadai akan menghambat proses belajar mengajar , demikian pula administrasinya yang jelek akan mengurangi kegunaan alat-alat dan perlengkapan tersebut, sekalipun peralatan dan perlengkapan pengajaran itu keadaannya istimewa. Namun yang lebih penting dari itu semua adalah penyediaan sarana di sekolah di sesuaikan dengan kebutuhan anak didik serta kegunaan hasilnya di masa mendatang.

STANDAR PENGELOLAAN PENDIDIKAN

Sebagaimana juga telah ditetapkan dalam UUSPN Nomor 20 Tahun 2003 dan PP Nomor 19 Tahun 2005, dan lebih dijabarkan dalam Permendiknas Nomor 19 Tahun 2007 bahwa “setiap satuan pendidikan wajib memenuhi standar pengelolaan pendidikan yang berlaku secara nasional”, beberapa aspek standar pengelolaan sekolah yang harus dipenuhi adalah meliputi:

(1) perencanaan program,
(2) pelaksanaan rencana kerja,
(3) pengawasan dan evaluasi,
(4) kepemimpinan sekolah/madrasah, dan
(5) sistem informasi manajemen.

Standar perencanaan program sekolah meliputi: rumusan visi sekolah, misi sekolah, tujuan sekolah, rencana kerja sekolah. Standar pelaksanaan rencana kerja sekolah, maka harus terpenuhi dan terealisasi beberapa aspek dalam penyelenggaraan pendidikan yaitu: kepemilikan pedoman-pedoman sekolah yang mengatur berbagai aspek pengelolaan secara tertulis, struktur organisaisi sekolah, pelaksanaan kegiatan, bidang kesiswaan, bidang kurikulum dan kegiatan pembelajaran, bidang pendidik dan tenaga kependidikan, bidang sarana dan prasarana, bidang keuangan dan pembiayaan, budaya danyang berlaku secara nasional lingkungan sekolah, dan peran serta masyarakat dan kemitraan.

Standar pengawasan dan evaluasi yang harus juga dipenuhi dan dilaksanakan sekolah adalah: aspek-aspek program pengawasan, evaluasi diri, evaluasi dan pengembangan, evaluasi pendayagunaan pendidik dan tenaga kependidikan, dan akreditasi sekolah. Kepemimpinan sekolah yang diharapkan dapat dipenuhi oleh sekolah antara lain: adanya kepala sekolah yang memenuhi persyaratan, minimal satu wakil kepala sekolah yang dipilih secara demokratis, kepala sekolah memiliki kemampuan memimpin (pengetahuan, keterampilan, dan perilaku) sekolah, dan terdapat pendelegasian sebagian tugas dan kewenangan kepada wakilnya.

Sedangkan sistem informasi manajemen (SIM) merupakan suaru sistem yang mengaplikasikan berbagai bidang pendidikan berbasiskan komputer/internet. Hal ini diharapkan dapat dipenuhi oleh sekolah untuk mengelola dan hiendukung berbagai administrasi sekolah, memberikan fasilitas yang efisien, dan sebagai bentuk layanan informasi dan komunikasi kepada para pemangku kepentingan.

TALKING ABOUT FUTURE PLAN ACTIVITIES

TALKING ABOUT FUTURE PLAN ACTIVITIES

Future tense When a verb is used to show that an action will take place in future. The time expressions of future are tonight, tomorrow, next week, next month next year ate,
The simple future tense divided into 2 (two) : using :” going to “ an I” will”.

a). GOING TO

The form of The simple future tense “ going to “


S + am/is/are + going to + V 1


There are two function to express “ going to “
1. We use “going to “, when we have already decided to do something or what we intend to do in the future (actions) So, you are going to do something.
Example : Picture I = I’m going to watch TV this evening
2. We use “going to”, when something is going to happen or predicting future happenings.There is something in the present situation that shows what will happen in the future (especially the near future). The speaker feels sure about what will happen because of the situation now.
Example : Picture 2 = It’s going to rain.
b). WILL
S + will + V1

We use “will”. When we decide to do something at the time of speaking.
The speaker has not decided before. It’s spontaneous to say.
Example : Picture 3 = - I’II carry it for you.
- I’II phone you tomorrow, ok ?
Also,we often use “will” with exspressions maybe, I think, I’m sure, to talk about possible plans before you have made a decision.
Example : - Maybe I will see you next week.
- I think I stay home

PRACTICE

Arrange these words into good sentence

1. going to – the car – I – am – clean – tomorrow
2. are – we – see – going to – afternon – this – football games
3. the beach – holiday – next – I – am – to – going – to – go
4. will – the library – I – to – am – go – this class – after
5. The English lesson – at – start – will – 10.00 am – Saturday – on
6. Come – think – I – I – will – morning – this - late

STANDAR PENILAIAN PENDIDIKAN

STANDAR PENILAIAN (Permen No. 20 Th. 2007)
STANDAR
PENILAIAN
Peraturan Mendiknas
Nomor: 20 Tahun 2007
tentang
DIREKTORAT PEMBINAAN SMA
DITJEN MANAJEMEN PENDIDIKAN DASAR DAN MENENGAH
DEPARTEMEN PENDIDIKAN NASIONAL


PENILAIAN PENDIDIKAN
• Penilaian pendidikan adalah proses pengumpulan
dan pengolahan informasi untuk menentukan
pencapaian hasil belajar peserta didik;
• Penilaian hasil belajar peserta didik dilaksanakan
berdasarkan standar penilaian pendidikan yang
berlaku secara nasional;
• Standar penilaian pendidikan adalah standar
nasional pendidikan yang berkaitan dengan
mekanisme, prosedur, dan instrumen penilaian hasil
belajar peserta didik;
• Penilaian dapat berupa ulangan dan atau ujian.

Prinsip Penilaian
1. Sahih
2. Objektif
3. Adil
4. Terpadu
5. Terbuka
6. Menyeluruh dan berkesinambungan
7. Sistematis
8. Beracuan Kriteria
9. Akuntabel

ULANGAN DAN UJIAN
• Ulangan adalah proses yang dilakukan untuk
mengukur pencapaian kompetensi peserta didik
secara berkelanjutan dalam proses pembelajaran,
untuk memantau kemajuan, melakukan perbaikan
pembelajaran, dan menentukan keberhasilan belajar
peserta didik;
• Ulangan terdiri atas Ulangan Harian, Ulangan
Tengah Semester, Ulangan Akhir Semester, dan
Ulangan Kenaikan Kelas;
• Ujian meliputi Ujian Nasional dan Ujian Sekolah/
Madrasah.
ULANGAN
• Ulangan harian adalah kegiatan yang dilakukan secara periodik
untuk mengukur pencapaian kompetensi peserta didik setelah
menyelesaikan satu Kompetensi Dasar (KD) atau lebih;
• Ulangan tengah semester adalah kegiatan yang dilakukan oleh
pendidik untuk mengukur pencapaian kompetensi peserta didik
setelah melaksanakan 8 – 9 minggu kegiatan pembelajaran.
Cakupan ulangan meliputi seluruh indikator yang merepresentasikan
seluruh KD pada periode tersebut;
• Ulangan akhir semester adalah kegiatan yang dilakukan oleh
pendidik untuk mengukur pencapaian kompetensi peserta didik di
akhir semester. Cakupan ulangan meliputi seluruh indikator yang
merepresentasikan semua KD pada semester tersebut;
• Ulangan kenaikan kelas adalah kegiatan yang dilakukan oleh
pendidik di akhir semester genap untuk mengukur pencapaian
kompetensi peserta didik di akhir semester genap pada satuan
pendidikan yang menggunakan sistem paket. Cakupan ulangan
meliputi seluruh indikator yang merepresentasikan KD pada
semester tersebut.

UJIAN NASIONAL (UN)
• Proses pengukuran pencapaian kompetensi
peserta didik, untuk menilai pencapaian
SNP yang diselenggarakan oleh
Pemerintah;
• Merupakan salah satu persyaratan
kelulusan dari satuan pendidikan;
• Mata pelajaran yang diujikan adalah mata
pelajaran tertentu dalam kelompok mata
pelajaran Iptek.

UJIAN SEKOLAH/MADRASAH
�� Proses pengukuran pencapaian kompetensi
peserta didik oleh satuan pendidikan, sebagai
pengakuan atas prestasi belajar;
�� Merupakan salah satu persyaratan kelulusan
dari satuan pendidikan;
�� Mata Pelajaran yang diujikan mencakup:
Kelompok mata pelajaran Iptek yang tidak
diujikan dalam UN, dan aspek kognitif dan
atau psikomotor kelompok mata pelajaran
Agama dan Akhlak mulia serta kelompok mata
pelajaran Kewarganegaraan dan Kepribadian.

Penilaian hasil belajar pada jenjang
pendidikan dasar dan menengah
dilakukan oleh:
�� Pendidik
�� Satuan Pendidikan
�� Pemerintah

PENILAIAN OLEH PENDIDIK
Penilaian hasil belajar oleh pendidik dilakukan secara
berkesinambungan, bertujuan untuk memantau proses dan
kemajuan belajar peserta didik serta untuk meningkatkan
efektivitas kegiatan pembelajaran.
Kegiatan penilaian meliputi:
1. Penginformasian silabus mata pelajaran yang di dalamnya
memuat rancangan dan kriteria penilaian pada awal
semester;
2. Pengembangan indikator pencapaian KD dan m pemilihan
teknik penilaian yang sesuai pada saat menyusun silabus
mata pelajaran;
3. Pengembangan instrumen dan pedoman penilaian sesuai
dengan bentuk dan teknik penilaian yang dipilih;
4. Pelaksanaan tes, pengamatan, penugasan, dan/atau bentuk
lain yang diperlukan;

5. Pengolahan hasil penilaian untuk mengetahui kemajuan hasil
belajar dan kesulitan belajar peserta didik;
6. Pengembalian hasil pemeriksaan pekerjaan peserta didik
disertai balikan/komentar yang mendidik;
7. Pemanfaatan hasil penilaian untuk perbaikan pembelajaran;
8. Pelaporan hasil penilaian mata pelajaran pada setiap akhir
semester kepada pimpinan satuan pendidikan dalam bentuk
satu nilai prestasi belajar peserta didik disertai deskripsi
singkat sebagai cerminan kompetensi utuh;
9. Pelaporan hasil penilaian akhlak kepada guru Pendidikan
Agama dan hasil penilaian kepribadian kepada guru
Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan digunakan sebagai informasi
untuk menentukan nilai akhir semester akhlak dan kepribadian
peserta didik dengan kategori sangat baik, baik, atau kurang
baik.

PENILAIAN OLEH SATUAN PENDIDIKAN
Penilaian hasil belajar oleh satuan pendidikan dilakukan untuk menilai
pencapaian kompetensi peserta didik pada semua mata pelajaran.
Kegiatan penilaian meliputi:
1. Penentuan KKM setiap mata pelajaran dengan harus
memperhatikan karakteristik peserta didik, karakteristik mata
pelajaran, dan kondisi satuan pendidikan melalui rapat dewan
pendidik;
2. Pengkoordinasian ulangan yang terdiri atas ulangan tengah
semester, ulangan akhir semester, dan ulangan kenaikan kelas;
3. Penentuan kriteria kenaikan kelas bagi satuan pendidikan yang
menggunakan sistem paket melalui rapat dewan pendidik, atau
penentuan kriteria program pembelajaran bagi satuan pendidikan
yang menggunakan sistem kredit semester melalui rapat dewan
pendidik;
4. Penentuan nilai akhir kelompok mata pelajaran estetika dan
kelompok mata pelajaran jasmani, olah raga dan kesehatan melalui
rapat dewan pendidik dengan mempertimbangkan hasil penilaian
oleh pendidik;

6. Penentuan nilai akhir kelompok mata pelajaran
agama dan akhlak mulia dan kelompok mata
pelajaran kewarganegaraan dan kepribadian
dilakukan melalui rapat dewan pendidik dengan
mempertimbangkan hasil penilaian oleh
pendidik dan nilai hasil ujian sekolah/madrasah;
7. Penyelenggaraan Ujian Sekolah/Madrasah dan
penentuan kelulusan peserta didik dari Ujian
Sekolah/Madrasah sesuai dengan POS Ujian
Sekolah/Madrasah bagi satuan pendidikan
penyelenggara ujian sesuai dengan POS Ujian
Sekolah/Madrasah ;

8. Penentuan kelulusan peserta didik dari satuan pendidikan
melalui rapat dewan pendidik sesuai dengan kriteria:
a. menyelesaikan seluruh program pembelajaran,
b. memperoleh nilai minimal baik pada penilaian akhir
untuk seluruh mata pelajaran kelompok mata pelajaran
agama dan akhlak mulia; kelompok mata pelajaran
kewarganegaraan dan kepribadian; kelompok mata
pelajaran estetika; dan kelompok mata pelajaran
jasmani, olahraga, dan kesehatan,
c. lulus Ujian Sekolah/Madrasah, dan
d. lulus Ujian Nasional.

PENILAIAN OLEH PEMERINTAH
1. Penilaian Hasil Belajar oleh Pemerintah
dilakukan dalam bentuk Ujian Nasional
(UN);
2. UN didukung oleh sistem yang menjamin
mutu dan kerahasiaan soal serta
pelaksanaan yang aman, jujur, dan adil;
3. Dalam rangka penggunaan hasil UN
untuk pemetaan mutu program/atau
satuan pendidikan, Pemerintah
menganalisis dan membuat peta daya
serap hasil UN.

PEMANFAATAN HASIL UN
Hasil UN dimanfaatkan sebagai salah satu:
�� pertimbangan dalam pembinaan dan
pemberian bantuan kepada satuan pendidikan
dalam upaya meningkatkan mutu pendidikan,
�� pertimbangan dalam menentukan kelulusan
peserta didik pada seleksi masuk jenjang
pendidikan berikutnya,
�� penentu kelulusan peserta didik dari satuan
pendidikan yang kriteria kelulusannya
ditetapkan setiap tahun oleh Mendiknas
berdasarkan rekomendasi BSNP.

PROSEDUR PENILAIAN
• Perancangan strategi penilaian oleh pendidik dilakukan pada saat
penyusunan silabus yang penjabarannya merupakan bagian dari
rencana peiaksanaan pembelajaran (RPP);
• Ulangan tengah semester, ulangan akhir semester, dan ulangan
kenaikan kelas dilakukan oleh pendidik di bawah koordinasi satuan
pendidikan;
• Penilaian akhir hasil belajar oleh satuan pendidikan untuk mata
pelajaran kelompok mata pelajaran estetika dan kelompok mata
pelajaran pendidikan jasmani, olahraga dan kesehatan ditentukan
melalui rapat dewan pendidik berdasarkan hasil penilaian oleh
pendidik;
• Penilaian akhir hasil belajar peserta didik kelompok mata pelajaran
agama dan akhlak mulia dan kelompok mata pelajaran kewarganegaraan
dan kepribadian dilakukan oleh satuan pendidikan melalui
rapat dewan pendidik berdasarkan hasil penilaian oieh pendidik
dengan mempertimbangkan hasil ujian sekolah/madrasah;

• Kegiatan ujian sekolah/madrasah dilakukan dengan
langkah-langkah:
a. menyusun kisi-kisi ujian,
b. mengembangkan instrumen,
c. melaksanakan ujian,
d. mengolah dan menentukan kelulusan peserta didik
dari ujian sekolah/madrasah, dan
e. melaporkan serta memanfaatkan hasil penilaian;
• Penilaian akhlak mulia yang merupakan aspek afektif
dari kelompok mata pelajaran agama dan akhlak mulia,
sebagai perwujudan sikap dan perilaku beriman dan
bertakwa kepada Tuhan YME dilakukan oleh guru
agama dengan memanfaatkan informasi dari pendidik
mata pelajaran lain dan sumber lain yang relevan;

• Penilaian kepribadian adalah bagian dari penilaian
kelompok mata pelajaran kewarganegaraan dan
kepribadian oleh guru pendidikan kewarganegaraan
dengan memanfaatkan informasi dari pendidik mata
pelajaran lain dan sumber lain yang relevan;
• Penilaian mata pelajaran muatan lokal mengikuti
penilaian kelompok mata pelajaran yang relevan;
• Keikutsertaan peserta didik dalam kegiatan
pengembangan diri dibuktikan dengan surat keterangan
yang ditanda-tangani oleh pembina kegiatan dan kepala
sekolah/madrasah.

TEKNIK DAN
INSTRUMEN PENILAIAN
• Penilaian hasil belajar oleh pendidik menggunakan
berbagai teknik penilaian berupa tes, observasi,
penugasan perseorangan atau kelompok, dan bentuk
lain yang sesuai dengan karakteristik kompetensi dan
tingkat perkembangan peserta didik;
• Teknik tes berupa tes tertulis, tes lisan, dan tes praktik
atau tes kinerja;
• Teknik observasi atau pengamatan dilakukan selama
pembelajaran berlangsung dan atau di luar kegiatan
pembelajaran;
• Teknik penugasan baik perseorangan maupun kelompok
dapat berbentuk tugas rumah dan atau proyek;
• Instrumen penilaian harus memenuhi persyaratan:
substansi, konstruksi, dan bahasa.

LAPORAN HASIL PENILAIAN
• Hasil ulangan harian diinformasikan kepada peserta didik
sebelum diadakan ulangan harian berikutnya. Peserta
didik yang belum mencapai KKM harus mengikuti
pembelajaran remedi;
• Hasil penilaian oleh pendidik dan satuan pendidikan
disampaikan dalam bentuk satu nilai pencapaian
kompetensi mata pelajaran disertai dengan deskripsi
kemajuan belajar;
• Hasil UN disampaikan kepada satuan pendidikan untuk
dijadikan salah satu syarat kelulusan peserta didik dari
satuan pendidikan dan salah satu pertimbangan dalam
seleksi masuk ke jenjang pendidikan berikutnya;
• Hasil analisis data UN disampaikan kepada pihak-pihak
yang berkepentingan untuk pemetaan mutu program dan
atau satuan pendidikan serta pembinaan dan pemberian
bantuan kepada satuan pendidikan dalam upaya
peningkatan mutu pendidikan.

2010/10/06

English Grammer

UNIT I

The Verbs “to be”

1. Present Tense to be (Positive):

Subjects to be Noun/ object / adjective
I am an English teacher.
You are a clever student.
We are Moslems.
They are European tourists.
He is a nice boy.
She is a beautiful girl.
It is an English text book.
Mr. Harrison is a musician.
Mrs. Spencer is an engineer.
Mr. and Miss Thomson are my neighbor.

1. Present Tense to be (Interrogative):

Are you a singer?
Are we movie stars?
Are they doctors?
Is he single?
Is she married?
Is it healthy food?
Is Mr. Clay a friendly man?
Is Mrs. Grossman an old lady?
Are Mr. and Miss McCartney teachers?

1. Present Tense to be (Interrogative):

to be Subjects Noun/ Adjective
Who are you / they ?
Where are we / they now?
Where are you / they from?
What is your / his / her name, please?
What is your / his / her job?
Where is he / she from?
How is she today?
Where is she / he / Mr./ Mrs. ?
What is it/ this/ that for?
Who is Mr. Baron’s wife?
What is Mrs. Hall’s dog’s name?
Why are Mr. & Miss Murphy sad?
Why are John and George so happy?

1. Present Tense to be (Negative):

Subject To be Negative word Noun/ object/ adjective
I am not a dentist.
You are not a clever student.
We are not Christian.
They are not tourists from Europe.
He is not a nice boy.
She is not a beautiful girl.
It is not an expensive English book.
Mr. Blair is not a musician.
Mrs. Moore is not an engineer.
Mr. and Miss Robinson are not my neighbor.

1. Past Tense to be (Positive)

Subject to be (past) Noun/ object/ adjective Adv. of Time + Place
I was a student of dramaturgy in 1981.
You were sick yesterday.
We were happy in childhood.
They were salesmen some years ago.
He was the best actor on TV.
She was very nice to me when I was rich.
It was cool and fresh in Bogor.
Mr. Williams was my English teacher for six years.
Mrs. Brown was a designer at my town.
Mr. and Miss Blake were famous baker and cook at the old café.

1. Past Tense to be (Interrogative):

to be past subjects verbs object, noun, place
Were you sleep here last night?
Were we sleepy at class?
Were they Jazz Musicians?
Was he an author?
Was she an actress?
Was it useful for computer set?
Was Mr. Gilmour a presenter?
Was Mrs. Collins a secretary at your office?
Were Mrs. And Miss Gills medical doctors at the hospital?

1. Past Tense to be (Negative):

Subject to be Past Negative Noun/object/ Adj. Adv. of time

& place
I was not (wasn’t) a pilot.
You were not (weren’t) a Cambridge student.
We were not happy wartime.
They were not carpenter.
He was not a mechanic.
She was not A good wife.
It was not hot in Europe.
Mr. Green was not an artist.
Mrs. White was not a singer.
Mr. and Miss Sumsky were not travelers.

UNIT II

The Verbs “have”

1. Present Tense have:

I have a scooter.
You have a good idea.
We have a small library at school.
They have a Volkswagen.
He has rice field in his village.
She has a boyfriend.
It has fangs and paw.
Mr. Hoffmann has some records at his living room.
Mrs. Wrights has four children. at my town.
Mr. and Miss Willies have more money in a bank.

1. Present Tense have (Interrogative) = do / does :

Do (you think) I have a gun?
Do you have any question?
Do we have Newspaper?
Do they have a car?
Does he have a girlfriend?
Does she have a new scooter?
Does it have any poison?
Does Mr. Shoemakers have a resort?
Does Mrs. Connery have a private library?
Do Mrs. And Miss Bells have any insurance?

1. Present Tense have (Negative) = do not (don’t) / does not (doesn’t)

I don’t have any Japanese book.
You don’t have much time.
We don’t have any problem.
They don’t have enough money.
He doesn’t have much power.
She doesn’t have any opportunity.
It doesn’t have enough facility.
Mr. Bolin doesn’t have any responsibility.
Mrs. Cooper doesn’t have much lucky.
Mr. & Miss Rose don’t have enough Experience.

1. Past Tense of have (Positive):

I had a lot of Rock ‘n Roll tapes when I was a student.
You had a smart advice at the office this morning.
We had a bad experience in a big city.
They had significant power in the last government.
He had a strong connection with army force.
She had uncountable debt to the bank.
It had two lights on each side.
Mr. Williams had a large house on the hill.
Mrs. Robertson had some livestock on her farm.
Mrs. and Miss Smith had a beautiful villa.

5. Past Tense of have (Interrogative):
Did I have a blacklist?
Did you have a scholarship?
Did we have any gasoline?
Did they have any sugar and coffee?
Did he have any problem?
Did she have a wedding ring?
Did it have a couple of wing?
Did Mr. Maxwell have several days off yesterday?
Did Mrs. McCartney have a grand piano?
Did Mr. and Miss Lyle have the same phone number?

1. Past Tense of have (Negative)

Subjects did not (didn’t) have object/noun/adjective
You didn’t have much influence.
We didn’t have enough knowledge.
They didn’t have much time.
He didn’t have any responsibility.
She didn’t have any nightmare.
It didn’t have any beneficent.
Mr. Royce didn’t have enough chance.
Mrs. Jones didn’t have much fund.
Mrs. & Miss Bonham didn’t have much livestock.

UNIT III

Verbs “have to”

1. Present Verb have to (Positive):

Subjects have to / has to verbs objects/nouns/

adjective
adverb of time

I have to take medicine every day.
You have to pay school fee every month.
We have to read good book at the library.
They have to go home early.
He has to bring his son to his office.
She has to meet her boss.
It has to stay out side day and night.
Mr. Baronage has to work hard on his farm.
Mrs. Atkinson has to become A young widow for a while.
Mrs. & Miss Bullock have to arrange their garden today.

1. Present Verb have to (Negative) = do not / does not:

Subjects don’t / doesn’t have to Verbs objects / nouns / adjective

I don’t have to wear black-tie.
You don’t have to withdraw the engagement.
We don’t have to stand by out side.
They don’t have to spell the words.
He doesn’t have to speed his car.
She doesn’t have to shine her diamond.
It doesn’t have to crow inside.
Mr. Gismo doesn’t have to feed his cattle.
Mrs. Jimson doesn’t have to clothe her husband.
Mr. & Miss Shrew don’t have to weep.

1. Present Verb have to (Interrogative):

Do / does subjects have to verbs object/noun/adjective/place

Do I have to draw a graffiti?
Do you have to fly to Bali?
Do we have to throw garbage into the river?
Do they have to forget their sweet memory?
Does he have to break his lover?
Does she have to catch the bus?
Does it have to bite a bone?
Does Mr. McKenzie have to pay the bill?
Does Mrs. McKinley have to swim on the river?
Do Mrs. & Miss Watt have to go to the dentist?

1. Past Verb have to (Positive):

Subjects had to verb ob./noun/adj. adverb of time

I had to sleep on the sofa last night.
You had to drink milk this morning.
We had to buy water at wartime.
They had to sell rice field two weeks ago.
He had to see the fact yesterday.
She had to feel sad for death of her dog.
It had to lay down on the floor at lunch time.
Mr. Jonathon had to call his son last days.
Mrs. Pfeifer had to say goodbye last Sunday.
Mr. & Miss Harrison had to leave home for London.

1. Past Verb have to (Negative) = did not (didn’t)

Subjects didn’t have to verb present objects/noun/adjective/place
I didn’t have to dwell in a big city.
You didn’t have to blow the news.
We didn’t have to bite any nail.
They didn’t have to bind the cat.
He didn’t have to choose The program.
She didn’t have to catch the bus.
It didn’t have to beat the dog.
Mr. Siegel didn’t have to earn money.
Mrs. Decker didn’t have to feel insane.
Mrs. & Miss Locke didn’t have to give any donation.


1. Past Verb have to (Interrogative):

Did subjects have to Verbs noun, object, adj.
Did you have to fight for love?
Did we have to take care of his fortune?
Did they have to sing loudly?
Did he have to wear Jeans?
Did she have to swear to you?
Did it have to stay at home?
Did Mr. Winston have to watch TV?
Did Mrs. Marlboro Have to say good luck?
Did Mrs. & Miss Wimble have to give some tip?

UNIT IV

Verbs “like”

1. Verb like / likes (Positive):

Subjects Like/likes Verbs + ing Objects / nouns / adjectives

I like watching science fiction movies very much.
You like reading hard novel.
We like playing badminton.
They like talking loud.
He likes walking to his school.
She likes staying alone.
It likes eating ants.
Mr. Jefferson likes listening to jazz music all night long.
Mrs. Hanson likes knitting her gown.
Mr. & Miss Holts like discussing about the effect of global economic.

1. Verb like (Negative) = do not (don’t) / does not (doesn’t)

Subjects Don’t / doesn’t Like Verbs + ing Ob./ noun/ adj.

I don’t like drinking alcohol at all.
You don’t like eating chilly.
We don’t like smoking cigarette.
They don’t like keeping the secret.
He doesn’t like fixing my watch.
She doesn’t like making cookies.
It doesn’t like flying any more.
Mr. Currie doesn’t like visiting her son.
Mrs. Halley doesn’t like painting his house.
Mr. & Miss Kay Don’t like driving alone.

1. 3. Verb like (Interrogative) = do / does:

Do / does Subjects Verb like Verbs + ing Object/ noun/ adjective
Do you like traveling?
Do we like collecting stamps?
Do they like tasting our food?
Does he like fishing? / eating fish?
Does she like cooking?
Does it like creeping on the wall?
Does Mr. Gordon like curing himself?
Does Mrs. Jordan like washing dishes?
Do Mrs. & Miss Klein like sweeping the floor?

1. 4. Verb Pattern of Like

* Do you like (eating) steamed/ fried/ fish?
* I like to read in bed but I don’t like having meals in bed.
* I like reading in bed but I don’t like eating in bed.
* She likes him but she doesn’t love him.
* I like his impudence! (Ironic, his impudence is amusing).
* Well, I like that! (Ironic, what has been said or done is surprising, unexpected).
* I didn’t like to disturb you.
* I don’t like troubling her.
* I like people to tell the truth.
* How do you like your tea / coffee?
* I like (= prefer) it rather weak.
* I like this more (or colloq better) than that.
* I should like to go there, if it were possible (or if I were invited).
* I shouldn’t like to do that. (Have no wish to do it).
* She would like a cup of tea, I think.
* I should like to know / to see.
* You wouldn’t like there to be another, would you?
* I don’t like you to smoke / you smoking / your smoking.
* I will come if you like.
* I like lobster but it doesn’t like me.

UNIT V

The Simple Present Tense

Kalimat Simple Present digunakan untuk menyatakan segala macam aktivitas dan peristiwa yang tetap, biasa, terus-menerus, kadang-kadang, dan yang sering dilakukan (terjadi). Kalimat Simple Present juga digunakan untuk menyatakan kebenaran umum (general truth), kesadaran bersama (collective consciousness), adat istiadat atau kebiasaan (customary), dan kemampuan (ability) mengenai setiap bukti yang nyata (real fact).

Misalnya:

- The sun rises in the East, and sets in the West.

- The Earth goes round the sun, and the moon goes round the Earth.

- Water boils on a hundred degree.

- Men precede women.

- Hamdallah speaks English fluently.

- The train in London leaves every ten minutes.

- The class begins at quarter past seven.

- John teaches English on Thursdays.

Simple Present biasanya dibubuhi adverb of phrase and time yang letaknya baku.

Adverb of time: sometimes, every morning, every afternoon, every night, every evening, every day, every week, every week end, every month, every year. Once a day, twice a week, three times a month, five times a day.

Adverb of Phrase: always, never, often (sering), seldom (jarang = times), rarely (jarang = actions), usually, occasionally (sekali-kali).

Sesungguhnya, tanpa membubuhi adverb of time ataupun adverb of phrase pada kalimat simple present tense tidak jadi masalah karena kalimat ini memang sudah merupakan pernyataan yang bersifat daily (keseharian) dan routine (kebiasaan).

Dengan demikian, selain daily (harian) yang termasuk ke dalam bentuk kalimat Simple Present adalah:

- weekly (mingguan) atau per minggu,

- monthly (bulanan) atau per bulan,

- annually (tahunan) atau per tahun, dan

- centennially (seratus tahunan) atau per abad.

1. Simple Present Tense (Positive) = do / does:
Adv. Of Time Subjects Adv. of Phrase Verbs O/ Noun/ Adj./ Place
Every morning I - wake up late.
- You always take a bath on hot water.
Sometimes we - eat breakfast at the kitchen.
- They never drink coffee.
He rarely takes some medicine.
Five times a day she - leaves for the mosque
It occasionally brings Lucky.
Every evening Mr. Wood - blows his sax in a bar.
Mrs. Yeats usually buys food at the market.
Mr. & Miss May often Speak German at home.

2. Present Tense (Negative) = Do not (don’t) / Does not (doesn’t)
Subjects Don’t / doesn’t Verbs Ob./noun/ adj.
I Don’t spend much money.
You Don’t speak German.
We Don’t eat pork.
They Don’t write Arabic.
He Doesn’t tell the true story.
She Doesn’t forgive her boyfriend.
It Doesn’t dive in the water.
Mr. Faraday Doesn’t drive a truck.
Mrs. Faulkner Doesn’t ride a motorbike.
Mr. & Miss Hues Don’t stand on a bus stop.


3. Present Tense (Interrogative) + Do / Does:
Do/does Subjects Verbs Ob./noun/adjective

Do I write a love letter?
Do you speak English?
Do we take the wrong route?
Do they steal candy?
Does he feel alright?
Does she go to school?
Does it fly on the sky?
Does Mr. Harradine blow the flute?
Does Mrs. Cassidy sweep the floor?
Do Mrs. & Miss Lloyd grow corn?

1. Present Tense (Interrogative) with Do / Does and Question Tags:

Question tags Do/ does Subjects Verbs Ob./noun/ adj.
What do I eat / have for breakfast?
Where do you sleep/ stay tonight?
How do we come/ go to the beach?
Why do they shoot / kill the deer?
When does he arrive in town?
What time does she get up/ wake up please?
How well does it work ?
How often does Mr. Kinsey meet / see the dentist?
What for does Mrs. Strauss buy / bring a binocular?
What else do Mr. & Miss Braun tell you?

UNIT VI

Present Progressive Tense

1. Present Continues atau Present Progressive Tense (doing)

Kalimat ini memaparkan segala aktivitas yang sedang berlangsung saat dibicarakan.
Subjects to be verb + ing object/noun/adjective adv. of time / place
I am teaching English at school.
You are learning a foreign language with me.
We are listening to the radio.
They are watching television at home.
He is washing his car in the garage.
She is cooking dinner in the kitchen.
It is barking to the pedestrian on the street.
Mr. Donnelly is mowing the grass in his garden.
Mrs. MacGyver is sewing a gown in her living room.
Mr. & Miss Tools are burning garbage in the farm.

1. Present Continues (Negative):

Subject to be not verb + ing object/ noun/ adverb
I am not teaching German.
You are not learning Japanese.
We are not playing music.
They are not seeing the rainbow.
He is not cleaning the window.
She is not baking cake.
It is not howling out.
Mr. Hanks is not gardening in the park.
Mrs. Papillion is not taking a shower.
Mr. & Miss Vogt are not sunbathing on the beach.

1. Present Continues (Interrogative):

to be subjects verb + ing object/ noun/ adjective

Are you sleeping?
Are we taking a wrong way?
Are they fishing on a boat?
Is he asking for money?
Is she crying out there?
Is it biting a cake?
Is Mr. Faucet cycling alone?
Is Mrs. Farrow dancing?
Are Mrs. & Miss Grey having lunch at their veranda.

1. Present Continues (Interrogative) with Question Tags:

Question Tags to be subjects verb + ing object etc.
Who are you talking with?
What are we eating/drinking?
Where are they going to?
Who is he thinking about?
What is she talking about?
Where is it floating to?
What is Mr. Callaghan doing over there?
Why is Mrs. Colts shouting?
Where are Mr. & Miss Call hunting?

UNIT VII

Simple Past

1. The Simple Past Tense (Positive) = did

Kalimat Simple Past digunakan untuk menjelaskan segala macam perbuatan, kejadian dan peristiwa yang sudah terjadi di masa lalu. Di dalam Bahasa Inggris, setiap peristiwa yang baru saja berlalu, juga sudah termasuk ke dalam kalimat Past.
Subjects Verbs Past Ob. / noun/ adj. Adverb of past time

I wrote a piece of letter two days ago.
You went to Darwin last year.
We ate banana pancake yesterday.
They drank black coffee this morning.
He slept on the floor last night.
She Took Some medicine few minutes ago.
It flew away three weeks ago.
Mr. Bogart swept the floor yesterday morning.
Mrs. Rowling drove her car last month.
Mrs. & Miss Brooks sang some pop songs last night.

1. Simple Past Tense (Negative) = did not (didn’t)

Subject did not / didn’t Verbs Ob. / noun / adj.
I didn’t write a piece of letter.
You didn’t go to Darwin.
We didn’t eat banana pancake.
They didn’t drink black coffee.
He didn’t sleep on the floor.
She didn’t take medicine.
It didn’t fly away.
Mr. Peregrine didn’t sweep the floor.
Mrs. Anderson didn’t drive her car.
Mr. & Miss Fritz didn’t sing any pop song.

1. Simple Past Tense (Interrogative) = did:

Did you buy any magazine?
Did we say good words?
Did they pay the bill?
Did he speak any German?
Did she forget her own promise?
Did It spring well?
Did Mr. Green understand Arabic?
Did Mrs. Snowy sit on a bench
Did Mrs. & Miss Simms wake up late?

1. Simple Past Tense (Interrogative) did with Question Tags:

Where did you have dinner?
What did we eat for breakfast?
When did they get married?
Where did he buy a car?
Why did she look upset?
How did it escape?
What did Mr. Foreman say to you?
How did Mrs. Litton arrive here?
When did Mr. & Miss Curly repair their house?

UNIT VIII

Past Continues Tense

Kalimat ini digunakan untuk menyatakan atau menceritakan segala macam aktivitas yang (dulu / tadi) sedang terjadi (di masa lalu) tapi sedang dibicarakan sekarang.

1. Past Continues (Positive)
Subject to be past verb + ing
I was swimming when you called me.
You were gardening while I passed.
We were discussing as they slept.
They were eating when I went out.
He was feeling sad as she said goodbye.
She was putting flowers while Gloria made tea.
It was boiling before five minutes.
Mr. Brianna was jogging when I ate breakfast.
Mrs. Gibson was cooking when a postman came.
Mr. & Miss Garth were having dinner when I came home.

2. Past Continues (Negative) = was not (wasn’t) were not (weren’t)
I wasn’t driving yesterday.
You weren’t fishing on the lake.
We weren’t quarrelling but shouting.
They weren’t biking. around the park.
He wasn’t traveling any where.
She wasn’t dreaming but thinking.
It wasn’t quacking any more.
Mr. Doolittle wasn’t working any thing.
Mrs. Castaway wasn’t staying at home.
Mrs. & Miss Flake weren’t tuning up their car.

3. Past Continues (Interrogative):
Were you trying to jump?
Were we discussing about a movie?
Were they celebrating someone?
Was he connecting a cable?
Was she chopping a sugar cane?
Was it sleeping when we arrived?
Was Mr. Sullivan looking at me before we entered?
Was Mrs. Stuyvesant blending her spice?
Were Mr. & Miss Roberts planting sunflowers?


UNIT IX

Present Perfect

1. Present Perfect Tense (Positive):

Kalimat Present Perfect digunakan untuk menyatakan segala macam aktivitas yang sudah, pernah atau telah dialami.

Di dalam kalimat Present Perfect keterangan waktu (adverb of time) tidak begitu perlu, yang penting aktivitasnya.
Subjects have / has past participle object, adjective, noun, place
I have gone to Europe.
You have fallen in love.
We have written a love letter.
They have eaten snake.
He has drunk kerosene.
She has brought to the hospital.
It has flown across the river.
Mr. Mercury has spoken German.
Mrs. Macintosh has made a simple computer.
Mrs. & Miss Wimble have bough an expensive car.

1. Present Perfect Tense (Negative) = haven’t atau hasn’t

Subjects haven’t / hasn’t past participle object, noun, adjective, place
I haven’t drunk alcohol.
You haven’t driven car.
We haven’t ridden horse.
They haven’t rung the bell.
He hasn’t sung jazz songs.
She hasn’t spoken English.
It hasn’t crept out.
Mr. Gilmour hasn’t swept the upstairs room.
Mrs. Floyd hasn’t taught English.
Mr. & Miss Rose haven’t seen any rhinoceros.

1. 3. Present Perfect Tense (Interrogative):

Have / Has subjects past participle object, noun, adjective, place
Have you swum on a hot spring?
Have we slept in a ware house?
Have they fed live stock?
Has he bleed ?
Has she sold her house?
Has it eaten bread?
Has Mr. Stouffer kept a pet?
Has Mrs. Burton gone to Bali?
Have Mr. & Miss Kits caught a butterfly?

1. 4. Present Perfect Tense (Interrogative) with Question Tags:

Question Tags have / has subjects past participle
What have you done?
What have we eaten?
Where have they gone?
What has he drunk?
What has she said?
Where has it found?
What has Mr. Williamson spoken?
What has Mrs. Forbes told?
Where have Mr. & Miss Dobbs left for?

How long have you known each other?

- How long have John and Claudia had a car?

- How far has Miss Sue taken a walk?

- How many English records has he bought?

- How many times have you met your students?

UNIT X

Present Perfect Continues Tense

Kalimat Present Perfect Continues digunakan untuk mengutarakan segala aktivitas yang dari tadi/dulu sampai dibicarakan sekarang masih sedang berlangsung atau belum selesai.

1. Present Perfect Continues Tense (Positive):

Subjects have / has been verb + ing object, noun, adjective
I have been typing English Grammar.
You have been waiting for an sms.
We have been writing English structure.
They have been walking for one hour.
He has been working at his office.
She has been gardening.
It has been twinkling on the sky.
Mr. Macmillan has been fixing his car.
Mrs. Rootstock has been brushing her carpet.
Mr. & Miss Hays have been painting their jeep.

Perfect Continuous dengan Modal

Modal seperti can/could, will/would, shall/should, may/might, dan must bisa digunakan pada Perfect Continuous Tense, untuk menekankan/menegaskan kontinyuitas kata kerja tersebut.

* I don’t know why Hilda was still there at that hour.

She might have been waiting for someone.

* Anna wasn’t doing anything when I met her.

She should have been typing letters.

Subject + Modal + have been + verb + ing + object, noun, adverb of time

1. Might + perfect continuous = mungkin aktivitas itu (sudah/telah) terjadi di masa lampau.
2. Should + perfect continuous = aktivitas itu sebaiknya/seharusnya (sudah/telah) terjadi dimasa lampau, tapi ternyata sebaliknya.
3. Could + perfect continuous = sebetulnya ada peluang untuk melakukan aktivitas itu, tetapi kesempatan itu tidak dimanfaatkan.
4. Must + perfect continuous = menyatakan kesimpulan mengenai aktivitas yang mestinya (sudah/telah) terjadi di masa lampau.
5. Can + perfect continuous = menyatakan kesimpulan mengenai kemampuan yang (sudah/telah/pernah) dilakukan di masa lalu.
6. Can’t + perfect Continuous = bentuk menyangkal untuk must + perfect continuous.

* Francesca can have been reviewing grammar before the exams.
* George may have been writing a short story when she gets there.
* I shall have been replacing the tile before the rainy season comes.
* We should have been practicing English last night.
* Charlie could have been talking to Julia yesterday evening.
* “He must have been thinking about his girl friend,” Teddy said.
* Poe can’t have been working anything. He is a really lazy creature!

1. Present Perfect Continues Tense (Negative):

Subjects haven’t / hasn’t been verb + ing objects, noun, adjective
I haven’t been speaking Japanese.
You haven’t been washing clothes.
We haven’t been talking about food.
They haven’t been spelling English.
He hasn’t been taking a bath.
She hasn’t been swimming.
It hasn’t been sleeping.
Mr. Springfield hasn’t been listening to the news.
Mrs. Wilder hasn’t been sewing her gown.
Mr. & Miss Rings haven’t been sitting on a swing chair.

1. Present Perfect Continues Tense (Interrogative) :

Have / Has subjects been verb + ing
Have you been translating?
Have we been interviewing?
Have they been organizing?
Has he been managing?
Has she been composing?
Has it been cooking?
Has Mr. Paparazzi been editing?
Has Mrs. Vagabond been celebrating?
Have Mrs. & Miss Holt been praying?

- How long have you been waiting for me?

UNIT XI

Past Perfect Tense

Kalimat Past Perfect digunakan untuk menyatakan segala aktivitas yang 1. tadi (dulu) sudah terjadi, 2. tadi (dulu) pernah, 3. tadi / dulu telah dilakukan, dan terjadi sebelum (before) atau ketika (when) peristiwa lain berlangsung di masa lalu.

Kalimat Past Perfect biasanya didampingi kalimat Simple Past (verb II) baik dinyatakan ataupun tidak, dengan perantara time clause (keterangan waktu) before dan when.

(Lihat: Passive Voice and Past Perfect, UNIT XVIII)

1. Past Perfect Tense (Positive):

Subjects had past part objects time clause

I had gone to Bandung before you called me.
You had known her when she became an artist.
We had eaten hot soup before you ordered lunch.
They had swum on the lake when their parents came.
He had just gone to Bali before Emmy rang her.
She had been in Bandung when I met her at the bus stop.
It had blown underground when they excavated the tunnel.
Mr. Wishful had lost his money when he was in Jakarta.
Mrs. Clockwise had forgotten her car key before she drive her car.
Mr. & Miss Fit had frozen gold fishes before they cooked it.

1. Past Perfect Tense (Negative) = had not / hadn’t

Subjects hadn’t past part o. n. adj. time clause
I hadn’t drunk orange juice before we ate breakfast.
You hadn’t written the note before my explanation finished.
We hadn’t left home if my parents were out.
They hadn’t saw the fact if detective didn’t permit.
She hadn’t drawn picture before sunrise.
It hadn’t spread its wings before breakfast offered.
Mr. Jackfruit hadn’t dwelt in town if his daughter took piano lesson.


1. Past Perfect Tense (Interrogative):

Had subjects past participle object, noun, adjective
Had you sent me a message?
Had we caught the thief?
Had they gone to foreign country?
Had he slept well?
Had she dreamt about me?
Had it stolen my fish?
Had Mr. Cooper made a trousers?
Had Mrs. Strauss spoken French?
Had Mr. & Miss See wrote a land agreement?

UNIT XII

Simple Future Tense with Will and Shall

1. Will digunakan untuk orang kedua dan ketiga, baik tunggal maupun jamak. Shall digunakan untuk orang pertama tunggal dan jamak Shall bersifat resmi.

Adverb of time untuk future biasanya menggunakan kata tomorrow, later, next, etc.
Subjects will / shall verbs present object/adjective/adverb
I shall work hard tomorrow.
You will study biology next week.
We shall find out the solution later on.
They will try to speak English next session.
He will marry Suzanne the day after tomorrow.
She will ask Mr. Brown for her salary next June
It will come rainy season after this month.
Mr. Flintstone will buy my bike tomorrow.
Mrs. Barclay will visit her daughter tomorrow morning.
Mrs. & Miss Simpson will invite their neighbor tonight.

Will digunakan oleh orang pertama ( I ) untuk menyatakan kesungguhan:

I will wait for you any times (maksudnya:) I really intend to wait for you.

I will come early tomorrow (maksudnya:) I am sure I must come on time.

Shall digunakan untuk menyatakan tidak sungguh-sungguh, kurang yakin, belum tentu, bisa jadi, atau mungkin:

- I shall win the game in the quiz.

- We shall know the result on the next research.

- Unless the taxi comes soon we shall miss our plane.

- I shall see Tom tomorrow (perhaps we go to school together).

Di dalam percakapan Bahasa Inggris sehari-hari (daily conversation) yang bersifat non formal tapi akrab, lebih sering menggunakan will daripada shall.

Shall sering digunakan pada question tags:

Let’s go. Shall we? (atau) Shall we have lunch at the café?

Kata kerja (verbs) yang biasa digunakan setelah subjects dan sebelum main clause of future di antaranya:

- I’m sure he will come home soon.

- I suppose they will sell their house.

- Perhaps we will find your coin on the grass.

- They probably will wait for us out there.

- He hopes Eve will write him again.

- We believe God will drop the rain soon.

- You’re afraid your money will run out.

Untuk menyatakan kebiasaan yang akan datang atau yang akan terjadi:

- Rainy season will come again.

- Birds will make their nests.

- Politician will always talk about plans and promises.

Untuk pemberitaan dan pengumuman resmi biasanya menggunakan will, namun untuk daily conversation informal biasanya menggunakan present continues atau be going to.

Formal:

The headmaster will celebrate the new school building tomorrow.

Informal:

The headmaster is going to celebrate the new school building tomorrow, atau

The headmaster is celebrating the new school building tomorrow.

Untuk menyatakan janji yang sungguh-sungguh (intended promises) atau rencana matang di masa depan, selain menggunakan will, juga ditambah adverbs:

- I will always wait for your answer.

- He will never forget his dating with that girl.

- She will always ask for more.

- They will never believe in us.

- We will always be here. Etc.

1. 2. The Future Continues Tense

Untuk menyatakan segala aktivitas yang sedang berlangsung di masa yang akan datang.
Subject will/shall be verbs + ing 0bjects, noun, time clause, etc
I shall be writing a short story next week.
You will be helping me to tidy the garden tomorrow.
We shall be marrying in two months.
They will be working a whole day tomorrow.
He will be typing his novel next Thursday.
She will be designing her new style wedding gown.
It will be starting soon after warming up.
Mr. Johnson will be evacuating to the hospital soon.
Mrs. Wright will be demonstrating her ability on Balinese dance.
Mrs. & Miss Tax will be gathering cloves on their garden.

1. 3. Future Perfect Tense

Kalimat Future Perfect digunakan untuk menyatakan segala macam aktivitas yang akan sudah (akan telah) selesai di masa depan. Fungsinya sama dengan Past Perfect Tense (Unit XI).

Kalimat Future dan Past Perfect biasanya digunakan pada karya sastra.
Subjects shall / will have past participle o./n. time clause (before/after)
I shall have left home when you arrive tomorrow.
You will have eaten dinner before BBC News finishes.
We shall have swum about after lunch offers on the patio.
They will have taken English Course after school over.
He will have chosen his tie before audition announces.
She will have woken up before sun rises.
It will have grown after egg mixes with soda.
Mr. Greenberg will have given speech after students graduate.
Mrs. Arkansas will have sewn her gown before winter comes.
Mr. & Miss Oak will have chopped their firewood before night comes.

Future Perfect dan Past Perfect dalam Passive Voice

Past Perfect:

- Before she wrote a love letter, she had been bought some stamps.

- Before he chose the Arrow shirt, he had been worn the same trade mark.

- Before Hans flew to Germany, he had been written to his friends there.

Future Perfect:

- The homework will have been done before the meeting starts tomorrow.

- The bell will have been rung (five minutes) before the library closes.

- The sketch will have been drawn before he paints the scenery.

- The wind will have been blown away before the kites festival begins.

- The hot chocolate will have been drunk before my Mom gets homes.

1. 4. Future Perfect Continues Tense

Kalimat Future Perfect digunakan untuk menerangkan segala macam aktivitas yang “belum akan selesai” dan “masih akan berlangsung” ketika (pada saat) terjadi aktivitas di masa datang.
Subjects shall/will have been verbs + ing clause of time (for – by)

Frieda is a secretary at UNESCO office. She has been working there for many years.

- She will have been working at UNESCO for ten years by the next month.

- Angela will have been living in Bali for exactly five years by the next Thursday.

- Richard will have been sleeping for several hours by the time you go home.

- Jack will have been marrying Jeanette for three years by the next New Year.

- We shall have been counting the capital for a month by this time next week.

- Steve will have been learning Arabic for eight years by the time he takes his extended examination.

UNIT XIII

Simple Past Future

1. Kalimat Simple Past Future digunakan untuk mengutarakan segala aktivitas yang “dulu akan dilakukan” atau “akan dilakukan di masa lalu”.

Subjects should/would verbs present objects, nouns
I would go to Bandung
You would promote as a schoolmaster.
We should pay more for Audio.
They would celebrate Karen’s birthday.
He would bring a box of biscuit.
She would give a speech.
It would melt on fire.
Mr. Still would travel around the world.
Mrs. Dumont would take care of any orphan.
Mr. & Mss Gibbs would run a youth café.

1. Past Future Continues Tense (dulu akan sedang melakukan)

Subjects should/would be verbs + ing objects, nouns

I would be enjoying jazz music chamber.
You would be listening to 9/11 radio station.
We should be taking photograph over there.
They would be talking about price.
He would be climbing a coconut tree.
She would be washing dish.
It would be spinning fast.
Mr. Vintage would be airbrushing his scooter.
Mrs. Caravels would be driving to Las Vegas.
Mrs. & Miss Toys would be discussing about Moslem society.

UNIT XIV

Past Future Perfect

1. Past Future Perfect Tense

Kalimat Past Future dipergunakan untuk mengutarakan segala bentuk aktivitas yang “dulu akan sudah dilakukan” atau “akan sudah dikerjakan di masa lalu”.
Subjects should/would have past part. objects, nouns
I would have written a novel.
You would have gone to Belgium.
We should have slept in a cave.
They would have ridden scooters.
He should have eaten a python.
She should have taken Psychological test.
It would have grown wild.
Mr. McLeod would have spoken French and German.
Mrs. Sullivan would have chosen wooden bungalow.
Mr. & Miss Swan should have sung Rhythm and Blues songs.

1. Past Future Perfect Continues Tense

Kalimat Past Future Perfect Continues digunakan untuk mengemukakan segala aktivitas yang di masa lalu “belum akan selesai” dan di masa lalu “masih akan berlangsung”.
Subjects should/would have been verb + ing objects, nouns
I would have been arranging a cabaret.
You would have been painting a portrait.
We should have been talking about a plan.
They would have been playing Scrabble.
He would have been traveling around the country.
She would have been shopping Handy-craft.
It would have been flying away.
Mr. Harradine should have been repairing his car.
Mrs. Thomson should have been
Mrs. & Miss Pyle would have been

UNIT XV

Gerund (ing-forms)

Untuk menyatakan segala aktivitas yang umum, wajar dan biasa, tapi diungkapkan dengan cara mengubah verbs (kata kerja) ke dalam bentuk verbal noun (kata kerja yang berubah menjadi kata benda).

1. Gerund (bentuk “ing”) sebagai Subject (pokok kalimat):

- Praying in a congregation is more rewarding.

- Praying in mosque is rewarding.

- The understanding of the Holy Qur’an requires knowledge of Arabic and Hadith.

- Telling a lie is a sinning.

- Riding a bike is easy.

- Driving a car is difficult.

- Collecting stamps is a good hobby.

- Reading good books is the best habit.

- Practicing English is the best way to success.

- Playing scrabble is good way to increase vocabulary.

- Writing diary in English is another good way of improving it.

- Smiling is a good therapy.

- Listening to classical jazz and blues music is my hobby.

2. Gerund sebagai Object:

- He regretted his wife’s misunderstanding (him).

- He didn’t approve her leaving (so suddenly).

- Reading English is easier than speaking (it).

- Do you want being good at English? Don’t give up practicing.

- When we get tired we always stop working.

- Jazz and blues were spread in USA from the beginning.

- Does John enjoy teaching?

1. 1. Gerund menjadi Subjects di belakang Verbs:

Verbs + Gerunds

- The students enjoy studying English in the foreign language laboratory.

- The good boys enjoy fasting on the whole of Ramadhan.

- Henry found parking in Bandung was difficult.

- The police prevent smuggling at the airport.

- We expected recovering from monetary crises was priority.

- European botanist wondered seeing so many kinds of orchid in Indonesia.

- He admitted taking the money.

- I don’t anticipate meeting any opposition.

- Try to avoid making him angry.

- He detests speaking Japanese.

- Vicky dreads getting old.

- Johannes kept complaining.

- She keeps smiling to me.

- He advised me applying at once.

- She recommended buying it.

- They don’t allow parking.

1. 2. Possessive Adjective + Gerunds:

- I appreciate your giving me so much of your time.

- Forgive my interrupting you.

- Forgive me for interrupting you.

- I can’t prevent his leaving the country.

- I can’t prevent him from leaving the country.

- I don’t remember my mother complaining about the prices.

1. 3. Infinitive menjadi Gerund:

- I began to work, menjadi I began working.

- He continued to live, menjadi He continued living above shop.

- The grass wants to be cut, menjadi The grass wants cutting.

- US Army ceased to attack Afghan soldiers, menjadi US Army ceased attacking …

1. 4. Preposition + Gerund:

- Fred insisted on seeing Anita.

- Roy was accused of smuggling drugs.

- I have no objection to hearing your story again.

- Can you touch your toes without bending your knees?

- Helga is found of adventuring.

- Tommy is good on telling lies.

- After swimming I felt cold.

- Is Miss Schippers interested in making money?

- She doesn’t care for cooking.

- I’m sorry for keeping you waiting.

1. 5. Verb + Preposition (adverb combination / phrasal verb) + Gerund

- I don’t care for standing in queues.

- Finally the dog left off barking.

- She puts off making a decision till she had more details.

- Helena doesn’t care for making money, her husband is a millionaire.

- Will you see about getting a new tire?

- Steve tried to give up smoking yesterday.

- I look forward to seeing you soon.

- She took to ringing me in the midnight.

1. 6. Gerund sebagai Larangan atau Pemberitahuan:

- no smoking, no parking

- no trespassing, no swimming

- no littering,

- no spiting,

- no loitering,

- no shouting,

1. 7. Passive Verbal Gerund (being / having been + past participle)
2. a. Passive Verbal sebagai Subject:


- Being taught by Miss Irene is very interesting.

- Having been taught by her was a great experience.

- Being brought to this small town has made her sad.

- Having been forgotten by his old friend makes him unhappy.

-

1. b. Passive Verbal sebagai Object:

- They don’t like being suspected.

- The students enjoyed being taught by Miss Helen.

- Phil doesn’t like being appointed new director.


1. c. Passive Verbal sebagai Object Modifier:

- I like the children being fed by Mrs. Julie.

- They would like to learn the song being sung by Celine Dion.

- Don’t accept the gift being given by any foreigner.

1. d. Passive Verbal sebagai Adjective (Subject Modifier) :

- The man being examined is very helpful.

- The clerk being promoted makes his wife happy.

- The report having been finished will be printed soon.

- The log cabin after having been cleaned up became a very nice place to live in.

10. Gerund dalam Noun Compound

1. a. Noun + Gerund:

- Fruit picking,

- Lorry driving,

- Hitch hiking,

- Bird watching,

- Surf riding,

- Weight lifting,

- Coal mining,

- stamp collecting,

1. b. Gerund + Noun:

- waiting list,

- driving license,

- dining room,

- diving board,

- swimming pool,

- landing card,

- parking lot,

- shopping center,

UNIT XVI

The Present Participle

Digunakan untuk menerangkan kata benda. Present Participle terletak di depan kata benda yang diterangkan. Present Participle (juga disebut Active Participle) adalah verbal yang berfungsi sebagai adjective.

1. 1. Present Participle sebagai Noun Modifier : (kata yang menentukan sifat kata benda)


Present Participle di depan Noun.

- The floating iron box is a ship.

- The growing crops need care.

- The flying machine is an air plane.

- That singing bird is a wambi

- A crying child came to his mother.

Present Participle di belakang Noun.

- The girl wearing that blue scarf is my girl friend.

- People wishing to visit the Green Canyon are foreign tourist.

- The boy kissing my right hand is my lovely son.

- The woman riding a blue scooter is my beloved wife.

- Who’s that girl talking on a mobile?

1. Present Participle (Participle Phrase) : sebagai Clause Modifier : kata yang menentukan anak kalimat. Gunanya :
1. Sebagai Verb modifier yang menerangkan seluruh clause (anak kalimat) di belakangnya.
2. Untuk menunjukkan perbuatan itu terjadi pada waktu bersamaan dengan aktivitas yang dinyatakan di dalam predicate.
3. Untuk menggambarkan sebab-akibat.
4. Present Participle sebagai Clause Modifier bisa juga menggunakan bentuk Perfect (setelah, sesudah, seusai).

* Opening the ceremony, he spoke about moral degradation.
* Taking off our shoes, we creep cautiously along the passage.
* Walking to school, I often see him in the garden.
* Shouting, the police kicked the door.
* Being a student, he was naturally interested in English.
* Having bitten twice, he didn’t want to be a snake hunter.
* Having bough an Mp 3, she didn’t need any tapes.
* Having been his own boss for such a long time, Keith found it hard to accept orders from another.

1. Present Participle sebagai Predicative Adjunct (“sensation”):

- I heard his booking seats.

- Every day I see them, passing the house.

- I smell something burning.

- I saw him kissing her.

- You can hear the clock ticking.

- We felt the house shaking.

- Do you like to go fishing?

- I saw her standing there.

- She stood addressing her guests.

- She kept smiling at me.

- She sat there waiting.

- We saw the thief running away.

- He heard a woman calling for help.

- Can you touch the ice melting?

- I watched a monkey being fed by a tourist.

- She found a letter lying on the floor.

- He left me waiting outside.

- Please get the clock going.

- We must not keep them waiting.

1. Present Participle sebagai pengganti Clausa (anak kalimat):

- He rode away. He whistled as he went = He rode away whistling.

- He hold the rope with one hand and stretches out the other to the boy in the river = Holding the rope with one hand, he stretches out the other to the boy in the river.

- She raises the trap-door and pointed to a flight of steps = Raising the trap-door she pointed to a flight of steps.

- She went out, slamming the door.

- He fired, wounding one of the bandits.

- I caught her stealing my photograph.

- She cried, suffering from toothache.

UNIT XVII

The Preposition

1. Preposition for Place of Residence and Common:

- I like to spend the summer in the country and winter in the town.

- Most of European lives in cities.

- The farmers usually live in a village.

- Many factories built in the suburbs.

- The habituate of camel and iguana are in the desert.

- I have lived in Germany for a year.

- I have stayed in Berlin and Amsterdam.

- A friend of mine lives in Belgium.

- My sister in law lives in Manchester.

- She would like to live in a bungalow.

- Most of the rich live in a sophisticated apartment.

- Students in any modern countries live in a flat.

- Some travelers avoid staying in a hotel.

- Bohemian and nomad usually live in a caravan.

- I saw a millionaire living in a mansion house.

- We have always breakfast, lunch, and dinner in the dining room.

- My daughter lives with her granny at Indihiang, in Tasikmalaya.

- Shakespeare was born at Stratford-on-Avon, in London, England.

- My aunt Farida lives at Bekker, in Voordam, Holland.

- Mrs. Sumsky is a housekeeper, she lives at home.

- English Prime Minister lives at 10 Downing Street.

- King and Queen of the United Kingdom live at Buckingham Palace.

- The first president Soekarno had lived at Buitenzorg Palace, in Bogor.

- I’ll enjoy working at the library.

- Working at the railway station wasn’t interesting anymore.

- Some students take part time job at Hudson’s Café during holiday.

- My friend Aimee works at the Royal Belgium Hospital.

- It wasn’t my plan working at the bus station.

*) in the kitchen, in the bathroom, in the bedroom, in the garage, in the warehouse, in the garden,

*) on the farm, on the field, on a rubber plantation, on the hill, on a real estate, on the airport, on a harbor, on the beach, on the street, on the wagon, on a mountain top, on a jet plane, on a carpet, on the right, on the left, on the way back, on your head, on the same ship, on TV, on the wall, on the table, on the keyboard, on cassette, on the floor, on the water.

2. Preposition for Time, Age, and Period:

- We always get up at dawn, and then pray at about half past four, then eat breakfast at six a.m. after took a bath, and then we go to school at six thirty.

- We must pray and ready to study at the beginning of the lesson.

- We have break about fifteen minutes at noon.

- The school finishes at quarter to two.

- Audience applause the Big Band at the end of their Jazz concert.

- The movie was interested, it ended at midnight.

- We will always have a half days school at Ramadan.

- Our children live together at weekend.

- My daughter always asks for more food at dinner.

- Don’t go swim on the beach at high tide.

- I was born on November 16th.

- Foreign students go to school everyday, they off on Saturdays and Sundays.

- The crowd gathered on Christmas.

- Cindy will come on my birthday.

- People gathered on every New Year.

- My friend was married on my thirtieth birthday.

- When I slept on a camping ground, there was rain on the ground.

- Dominique called me on Saturday evening.

- He has asked Daniela to come on November sixteenth.

- I went to Germany in autumn (in fall) of 1991.

- English speaking people spend holiday in tropical countries in winter.

- Germany was destroyed in 1944.

- Games, songs, and jokes are funny subjects in English lesson.

- A good bus will get you from Bandung to Pangandaran in seven hours.

- I can translate a short story in a week.

- Peter and Clara will be married in two days.

3. Preposition for Object Relation:

- Jean told me about his trip from England to Indonesia.

- Franz has looked about Cindy but he didn’t find her.

- I’ll see you about three o’clock p.m.

- Madam Spree has about to start work when her mobile rang.

- What are you thinking about? (I’m thinking about the theme of my new short story.)

- I’d like to drink hot chocolate. What about you, Thelma?

- Let’s children play around the yard.

- My uncle’s house is around the corner of Ciumbuleuit Street.

- Stefan threw his marble around here.

- Christopher Columbus had adventured around the world.

4. Preposition for Connection:

- The girl was named after her granny. (as same as)

- The student entered the class one after another.

- He wrote after the style of Hemmingway. (follow)

- I have asked Eve after her husband. (about)

- A sergeant comes after a major. (lower than)

- What’s Jim after? (looking for)

- He’s going after his cat.

- The dog runs after a thief. (catch up)

- After the lies he has told, nobody trust him. (because)

- Joyce has spent her life day after day in a lunatic asylum.

5. Preposition for Opposition:

- Most of Indonesian civil servant works against their will.

- He crossed against the red light.

- Mickey leaned his back against the wall.

- This medicine is better protecting against the poison.

- The Japanese car always completely damaged against a tree.

- I have warned you against the danger.

6. Preposition for Division:

- I have translated several plays into Indonesian.

- Where’s the bank, please?

(It’s near here. Please. Walk along this street, then turns right into that paving block passage).

- Put the right answer into the blank.

- The waitress poured soft drinks into a mug.

- Don’t enclose money into mail.

- She changed her dress into a very beautiful silk wedding gown.

- A crab hides into a hole.

- I wanted to divide my house into eight rooms.

- My daughter will grow into a nice smart lady.

- Don’t talk too much about the past, look into the future.

- An empty coconut falls into dry grass.

- I wasn’t looking where I was going and I bumped into the mud.

UNIT XVIII

Passive Voice

Dibentuk dari Subjects + nouns + to be + past participle (dari main verb).

To be berfungsi sebagai kata bantu.

Passive Voice digunakan jika subject tidak penting atau tidak diketahui.

1. Present Simple:
Active Passive
We make butter from milk. Butter is made from milk.
Somebody cleans these rooms every day. These rooms are cleaned every day.
People never invite me to parties. I am never invited to parties.
How do they make butter? How is butter made?
He sends the mail. The mail is sent.

2. Past Simple:
Somebody stole my car last week. My car was stolen last week.
Somebody stole her keys yesterday. Her keys were stolen yesterday.
They didn’t invite me to the party. I wasn’t invited to the party.
When did they build these houses? When were these houses built?
He wrote a short story. A short story was written.

3. Present Continues:
He is teaching English. English is being taught.
They are building a new airport. A new airport is being built.
They are bringing some food for a party. Some food are being brought for a party.

4. Past Continues
She was eating an apple. An apple was being eaten.
They were blowing a balloon. A balloon was being blown.

5. Present Perfect:
He has taken some medicine. Some medicine has been taken.
Look! They have bough a new scooter. Look! A new scooter has been bough.
Somebody has written / sent me a letter. A letter has been written / sent.

6. Past Perfect:
She had brought back the document. The document had been brought back.
John had driven a caravan. A caravan had been driven.

7. Perfect Continues:
They have been blowing up the news. The news has being blown up.
She has been speaking about the profit. The profit has being spoken.

8. Future:
They will write a letter to me. A letter will be written to me.
They are going to build a new airport. A new airport is going to be built.

9. Future Perfect:
The baby will have drunk the milk. The milk will have been drunk.


Note:

(will have been + past participle + before etc.)

- The job will have been done before the exhibition starts tomorrow.

- The uniform will have been chosen before the grand opening begins.

- The overcoat will have been bespoken before the wedding party happens next month.

- The pole will have been broken before the telephone wires set on.

- The trees will have been sawn before the scooter riders group on the road.

10. Passive Voice and Modals:
Active Passive
They must write a report. A report must be written.
She must sell the house. The house must be sold.
He can do the exercise. The exercise can be done.
They should keep the food in proper. The food should be kept in proper.
She could think over the gardening. The gardening could be thought over.
They will bring their children to a park. The children will be brought to a park.

Passive Verbal and Gerund

Passive Verbal adalah Verbal Phrase (Verb Combination) mengandung bentuk-bentuk to be (being/ having been) + past participle

1. Passive Verbal sebagai Subject

-Being taught by Mr. Harrison is very interesting.

-Having been taught by Miss Prey was a great opportunity.

-Being brought to his town has made Miss Forney sad.

-Having been forgotten by his old friend makes him unhappy.

1. Passive Verbal sebagai Object

-They don’t like being driven by a crook.

-The thief was wonder having been caught by a hidden camera.

1. Passive Verbal sebagai Object Modifier (kata yang menentukan sifat)

-I like my daughter being fed by her granny.

-They would like to song being sung by Celine Dion.

-Don’t accept anything being given by a stranger.

1. Passive Verbal sebagai Subject Modifier (adjective)

-The new actress being made up is very beautiful.

-The tea being drunk makes well-known product.

-The short story having been written will be sold out.

-The old store room after having been rebuilt became a very convenient library.

-The forest having been swept down is safe to dwell in.

1. Passive Verbal Infinitive (to be) sebagai Subject

-To be woken up earlier makes me dizzy.

-To be shown by West-life is very pleasant.

-To be chosen a grand acceptor has made her very happy.

1. Passive Verbal Infinitive (to be) sebagai Object

-Indonesian movies don’t need to be grown up.

-Sue doesn’t like to be chosen.

-The lost boys enjoyed to be found.

1. Passive Verbal Infinitive sebagai Adverb

-Angelina Jolly has left for Hollywood only to be famous.

-I have told the story only to be understood.

Passive Voice and Past Perfect

Before the boat left the shore, the net had been arranged.

Before he drawn the criminal, the papers had been offered.

Before she wrote an address, the stamps had been bought.

Before he drove here, his luggage had been packed.

Before the news spoke out, the facts had been cross-checked.

The Verb Form of Tenses
Present Simple I write a letter
Continuous I am writing a letter
Perfect I have written a letter
Perfect Continuous I have been writing a letter
Past Simple I wrote a letter
Continuous I was writing a letter
Perfect I had written a letter
Perfect Continuous I had been writing a letter
Future Simple I shall write a letter
Continuous I shall be writing a letter
Perfect I shall have written a letter
Perfect Continuous I shall have been writing a letter
Past Future Simple I should/would write a letter
Continuous I should/would be writing a letter
Perfect I should/would have written a letter
Perfect Continuous I should/would have been writing

Notes:
Past Future Simple Present Conditional
Past Future Continuous Present Conditional Continuous
Past Future Perfect Perfect Conditional
Past Future Perfect Continuous Perfect Conditional Continuous
Future Conditional

UNIT XIX

Direct x Indirect Speech

atau

Quoted x Reported Speech

Direct Speech atau Quoted Speech

(dari)
Indirect Speech atau Reported Speech

(menjadi)

Simple Present Simple Past
Present Continuous Past Continuous
Present Perfect Past Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
Future Past Future
Future Continuous Past Future Continuous
Future Perfect Past Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous Past Future Perfect Continuous
Past Future Past Future Perfect
Simple Past Past Perfect

Note:

Dari (Direct / Quoted Speech) Present Perfect dan dari Simple Past sama-sama menjadi Past Perfect (Indirect / Reported Speech)

LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS

PRESENT

kata kerja 1
PAST

kata kerja 2
PAST PARTICIPLE

kata kerja 3 +have/ has
MEANING
Arise Arose Arisen Bangun, timbul, berdiri, terbit
Awake awoke Awaked, awoken Bangun, sadar
Be (am, is, are) Was / were Been Adalah
Bear Bore Borne Memikul
Beat Beat Beaten Memukul
Become Became Become Menjadi, cocok
Befall Befell Befallen Menimpa
Begin Began Begun Memulai
Bend Bent bent Menekuk, melipat, bengkok
Bid Bade, bid Bidden, bid minta, menawar
Bind bound Bound Mengikat
Bite Bit Bitten, bit Menggigit
Bleed Bled bled ambil/keluarkan darah
Blend Blended, blent Blended, blent Campuran, paduan, adonan
Bless Blessed, blest Blessed, blest Mendoakan, merestui
Blow Blew Blown Meniup, bunyikan, ledakan mengeluarkan, muntahkan
Break Broke Broken Pecah, patah, putus, istirahat
Breed Bred Bred Memelihara, membiakkan, mendidik, melatih hewan
Bring Brought Brought Membawa, mengambil, mengajukan.
Build Built Built Membangun, mendirikan.
Burn Burnt, burned Burnt, burned Membakar, nyulut, hanguskan
Burst Burst Burst Mendobrak, meletup, meledak (tangis/tawa), marah
Buy Bought Bought Membeli, menyogok
Catch Caught Caught Menangkap, ngejar, nular, tersangkut, jarring, raih
Choose chose chosen Memilih, memutuskan
Cleave Clove, cleft Cloven, cleft belah, motong, mecahkan.
Cling Clang Clung nempel, melekat
Clothe Clothed, clad Clothed, clad Membeli baju, membajui
Come Came Come Datang, sampai.
Cost cost cost Harga, ongkos, biaya, korban
Creep Crept Crept Merangkak, rayap, lata
Crow Crowed , crew Crowed Berkokok, menjerit girang(bayi)
Cut Cut Cut motong, mangkas, lukai, nyayat
Deal dealt dealt Sepakat,
Dig Dug Dug gali, lubangi, jotos
Dive Dived, dove dived Menyelam
Do Did Done lakukan, kerjakan, berbuat.
Draw Drew Drawn Gambar, seret, tutup (gorden)
Dream Dreamt, dreamed Dreamt, dreamed mimpi, bayang, idam
Drink Drank Drunk Minum
Drive Drove Driven nyetir, ngemudi, bermobil, menggerakkan, mengubah.
Dwell Dwelt Dwelt Bertempat tinggal, menghuni, mendiami, menduduki (berumah tangga)
Eat Ate Eaten Makan
Fall Fell fallen Jatuh, turun, gugur, rontok, merunduk
Feed Fed Fed Menyuapi, memberi makan, menafkahi.
Feel Felt Felt Meraba, merasa
Fight Fought Fought Berjuang, perang, kelahi, tinju, bertengkar
Find Found Found nemukan, dapatkan, nyadari
Flee Fled Fled Kabur, lolos, bebas
fling flung flung Lempar, jeblos, hempas, ludah, bebaskan
fly flew flown Terbang, nerbang, ngibarkan.
forbear forbore forborne nahan diri, ngelak, sabar, kelit.
Forbid, Forbade, forbad forbidden larang, cegah, tangkal
Forecast Forecast(ed) Forecast(ed) ramal, duga, kira
Foresee Foresaw Foreseen ramal, nujum.
Forget Forgot Forgotten lupa, melupakan.
Forgive Forgave Forgiven maaf, ngampuni.
Forsake Forsook Forsaken tinggalkan, abaikan.
Freeze Froze Frozen beku, takluk, terkesima.
Gainsay Gainsaid Gainsaid Menyangkal.
Get Got Got, gotten Punya, peroleh, terima, ambil, faham, kena
gild Gilded, gilt Gilded, gilt Menyepuh, mengkilat, silau, gemerlap.
give gave given beri, nyumbang, nyaji, curahkan, sampaikan.
go went gone Pergi, berangkat, mati, hilang.
grind ground ground gerinda, ngikir, ngikis
grow grew grown tanam, pelihara, tumbuh, kembang (biak)
Hamstring Hamstringed, hamstrung Hamstringed, hamstrung lumpuhkan, motong, ringkus, jerat, bekuk
Hang Hung, hanged Hung, hanged Menggantung, ter-katung2
Have had had punya, milik, peroleh.
Hear heard heard dengar
Heave Heaved, hove Heaved, hove bongkar, angkat (jangkar) menghela (nafas), nyeret
Hew hewed Hewed, hewn nebang, membabat, melibas.
Hide Hid hidden sembunyi, pendam, ngumpet
Hit Hit Hit pukul, kena
Hold Held Held pegang, gendong, tahan,
Hurt Hurt Hurt sakiti
Keep Kept kept jaga, pelihara, catat, simpan, lestarikan.
Kneel Knelt Knelt Berlutut, sujud, simpuh
Knit Knitted, knit Knitted, knit rajut, jalin, sulam, kepang, pilin ambungkembali (tuulang), menjalin.
Know Knew Known kenal, tahu, maklum
Lay Laid Laid letakkan, nyusun, bertelur.
Lead Led Led mimpin, nempuh, giring, nuntun.
Leap Leapt, leaped Leapt, leaped lompat, jingkrak.
Learn Learnt, learned Learnt, learned Belajar, mempelajari, jera.
Leave Left Left tinggalkan, biarkan, serahkan, nunda, wariskan.
Lend Lent Lent pinjam, meminjami
Lie Lay Lain baring, letak, geletak,
Light Lit, lighted Lit, lighted nyala, sulut, suluh, terangi, soroti.
Lose Lost Lost Hilang, kalah.
Make Made Made Buat, bikin, cipta
Mean Meant Meant maksud, arti, niat, makna
Meet Met Met temu, jumpa, rapat, jemput, runding.
Melt Melted Melted, molten Larut, lebur, cair, leleh, peluh
Mistake Mistook Mistaken Salah, keliru
Misunderstand Misunderstood Misunderstood Salah pengertian/faham
Mow Mowed Mown, mowed potong rumput, babat belukar, menyiangi, membajak
Partake Partook Partaken Ikut serta, ambil bagian, andil.
Pay Paid Paid bayar, lunas
Prove Proved Proved, proven buktikan, terbukti
Put Put Put Menaruh, meletakan.
Quit Quitted, quit Quitted, quit Berhenti, tinggalkan (ruangan), keluar (kerja), mundur, batal
Read Read Read baca, telaah.
Relay Relied/relayed Relied/relayed sampaikan, sambungkan, sebarkan, pancarkan (siaran)
Rend Rent Rent Mengoyak, membelah
Reset Reset Reset Memasang kembali.
Rid Rid, ridded Rid, ridded Membersihkan
Ride rode ridden tunggang (hewan), bersepeda/ motor
Ring Rang Rung telpon, bunyikan bel (alarm)/ lonceng
Rise Rose Risen Bangun, naik, terbit, bangkit, timbul, meningkat.
Run Ran Run Lari, jalankan, mimpin, ajukan, antar, kelola.
Saw Sawed Sawn, sawed Menggergaji
Say Said Said Mengatakan, berkata
See Saw Seen Melihat, mengerti.
Seek Sought Sought cari (pekerjaan, barang)
Sell Sold Sold jual, dagang
Send Sent Sent Mengirim
Set Set Set taruh, pasang, atur, tetapkan.
Sew Sewed Sewn, sewed jahit
Shake Shook Shaken goncang, kocok, geleng, (kepala), jabat (tangan)
Shave Shaved Shaved, shaven cukur (rambut, bulu, kumis, jambang), mengiris (sayur).
Shear Sheared Sheared, shom mangkas (bulu domba, biri-biri)
Shine Shone Shone Bersinar, bercahaya, berkilatan, berkelipan, gemerlap.
Shoot shot shot tembak, cetak gol, rekam gambar (dengan kamera)
Show Showed Shown, showed perlihatkan, menunjukkan, menontonkan, pamer
Shrink Shrank, shrunk Shrunk, shrunken susut, ciut, mengecil, mengerdil, menghindar.
Shut Shut Shut Menutup, mengunci
Sing Sang Sung Menyanyi, mendesing
Sink Sank Sunk, sunken tenggelam, pancang, gali, gol,
Sit Sat Sat Duduk, menduduki, bertengger
Slay Slew Slain bunuh
Sleep Slept Slept Tidur
Slide Slid Slid, slidden selip, geser, luncur, gelincir.
Sling Slung Slung nyandang, gendong
Slink Slunk Slunk selinap, menyusup
Slit Slit Slit belah, bedah, gorok.
Smell Smelt, smelled Smelt, smelled cium (membaui), endus
Smite Smote Smitten pukul, hantam, saling mencintai
sow sowed Sown, sowed taburkan (benih) sebar (benci)
Speak Spoke Spoken Bicara, berkata, bercakap
Speed Sped, speeded Sped, speeded Mempercepat
Spell Spelt, spelled Spelt, spelled Mengeja, melafal, mengabjad
Spend Spent Spent Belanja, habis, lewat
Spill Spilt, spilled Spilt, spilled Menumpahkan
Spin Spun, span Spun mutarkan, mintal, menggulung
spit spat spat Meludah
split split split Membelah, mbagi, misahkan, bedah
Spoil Spoilt, spoiled Spoilt, spoiled Memanjakan, mengganggu, merusak, membusuk(buah)
Spread Spread Spread Menyiarkan, nyebarkan, perluas/lebar, membentangkan.
Spring Sprang Sprung Bersemi, muncrat, bocorkan, retakkan, lonjak, mantul, buka, lepas.
Stand Stood Stood Berdiri, nempatkan, traktrir, dirikan, bertahan.
Steal Stole Stolen Mencuri
Stick Stuck Stuck Menikam, (belati), menusuk, lengket,, memasukan(kertas), mengancingkan, melekat.
Sting Stung Stung Menyengat, menyakitkan(hati)
Stink Stunk Stunk Berbau busuk, tidak disukai.
Strew Stressed Strewn, strewed Menaburkan
Strike Struck Struck, stricken langgar, nampar, nyambar, (mukul dengan tongkat.
Strive Strove Striven Berusaha/bekerja keras
Swear Swore Sworn Bersumpah
Sweep Swept Swept nyapu, menggeledah, merazia
Swim Swam Swum Bewrenang
Swing Swung Swung Berayun, bergelantungan.
Take Took Taken ngambil, nerima, memerlukan.
Teach Taught Taught Mengajar, menggurui
Tear Tore Torn robek, ngoyak, menagis
tell told told Menceritakan
think thought thought Memikirkan, mengira
Thrive Throve, thrived Thriven, thrived Tumbuh subur
Throw Threw Thrown Melempar, membuang
wake woke woken Membangunkan (dari tidur) bangun, sadar
Wear Wore Worn ngenakan, makai, berpakaian.
Weave Wove Woven Menenun, memilin
Weep Wept Wept nangis, (linang air mata), ratap/ raung, rengek.
Win Won Won Memenangkan
Wind Wound Wound Mutarkan (erloji, engkol), balutkan(kain), gulung (benang)
Withdraw Withdrew Withdrawn batalkan, undurkan (diri)
Wring Wrung Wrung meras(air)/kelapa
Write Wrote Written Menulis, mengarang (puisi, novel, cerpen, lagu)