UNIT I
The Verbs “to be”
1. Present Tense to be (Positive):
Subjects to be Noun/ object / adjective
I am an English teacher.
You are a clever student.
We are Moslems.
They are European tourists.
He is a nice boy.
She is a beautiful girl.
It is an English text book.
Mr. Harrison is a musician.
Mrs. Spencer is an engineer.
Mr. and Miss Thomson are my neighbor.
1. Present Tense to be (Interrogative):
Are you a singer?
Are we movie stars?
Are they doctors?
Is he single?
Is she married?
Is it healthy food?
Is Mr. Clay a friendly man?
Is Mrs. Grossman an old lady?
Are Mr. and Miss McCartney teachers?
1. Present Tense to be (Interrogative):
to be Subjects Noun/ Adjective
Who are you / they ?
Where are we / they now?
Where are you / they from?
What is your / his / her name, please?
What is your / his / her job?
Where is he / she from?
How is she today?
Where is she / he / Mr./ Mrs. ?
What is it/ this/ that for?
Who is Mr. Baron’s wife?
What is Mrs. Hall’s dog’s name?
Why are Mr. & Miss Murphy sad?
Why are John and George so happy?
1. Present Tense to be (Negative):
Subject To be Negative word Noun/ object/ adjective
I am not a dentist.
You are not a clever student.
We are not Christian.
They are not tourists from Europe.
He is not a nice boy.
She is not a beautiful girl.
It is not an expensive English book.
Mr. Blair is not a musician.
Mrs. Moore is not an engineer.
Mr. and Miss Robinson are not my neighbor.
1. Past Tense to be (Positive)
Subject to be (past) Noun/ object/ adjective Adv. of Time + Place
I was a student of dramaturgy in 1981.
You were sick yesterday.
We were happy in childhood.
They were salesmen some years ago.
He was the best actor on TV.
She was very nice to me when I was rich.
It was cool and fresh in Bogor.
Mr. Williams was my English teacher for six years.
Mrs. Brown was a designer at my town.
Mr. and Miss Blake were famous baker and cook at the old café.
1. Past Tense to be (Interrogative):
to be past subjects verbs object, noun, place
Were you sleep here last night?
Were we sleepy at class?
Were they Jazz Musicians?
Was he an author?
Was she an actress?
Was it useful for computer set?
Was Mr. Gilmour a presenter?
Was Mrs. Collins a secretary at your office?
Were Mrs. And Miss Gills medical doctors at the hospital?
1. Past Tense to be (Negative):
Subject to be Past Negative Noun/object/ Adj. Adv. of time
& place
I was not (wasn’t) a pilot.
You were not (weren’t) a Cambridge student.
We were not happy wartime.
They were not carpenter.
He was not a mechanic.
She was not A good wife.
It was not hot in Europe.
Mr. Green was not an artist.
Mrs. White was not a singer.
Mr. and Miss Sumsky were not travelers.
UNIT II
The Verbs “have”
1. Present Tense have:
I have a scooter.
You have a good idea.
We have a small library at school.
They have a Volkswagen.
He has rice field in his village.
She has a boyfriend.
It has fangs and paw.
Mr. Hoffmann has some records at his living room.
Mrs. Wrights has four children. at my town.
Mr. and Miss Willies have more money in a bank.
1. Present Tense have (Interrogative) = do / does :
Do (you think) I have a gun?
Do you have any question?
Do we have Newspaper?
Do they have a car?
Does he have a girlfriend?
Does she have a new scooter?
Does it have any poison?
Does Mr. Shoemakers have a resort?
Does Mrs. Connery have a private library?
Do Mrs. And Miss Bells have any insurance?
1. Present Tense have (Negative) = do not (don’t) / does not (doesn’t)
I don’t have any Japanese book.
You don’t have much time.
We don’t have any problem.
They don’t have enough money.
He doesn’t have much power.
She doesn’t have any opportunity.
It doesn’t have enough facility.
Mr. Bolin doesn’t have any responsibility.
Mrs. Cooper doesn’t have much lucky.
Mr. & Miss Rose don’t have enough Experience.
1. Past Tense of have (Positive):
I had a lot of Rock ‘n Roll tapes when I was a student.
You had a smart advice at the office this morning.
We had a bad experience in a big city.
They had significant power in the last government.
He had a strong connection with army force.
She had uncountable debt to the bank.
It had two lights on each side.
Mr. Williams had a large house on the hill.
Mrs. Robertson had some livestock on her farm.
Mrs. and Miss Smith had a beautiful villa.
5. Past Tense of have (Interrogative):
Did I have a blacklist?
Did you have a scholarship?
Did we have any gasoline?
Did they have any sugar and coffee?
Did he have any problem?
Did she have a wedding ring?
Did it have a couple of wing?
Did Mr. Maxwell have several days off yesterday?
Did Mrs. McCartney have a grand piano?
Did Mr. and Miss Lyle have the same phone number?
1. Past Tense of have (Negative)
Subjects did not (didn’t) have object/noun/adjective
You didn’t have much influence.
We didn’t have enough knowledge.
They didn’t have much time.
He didn’t have any responsibility.
She didn’t have any nightmare.
It didn’t have any beneficent.
Mr. Royce didn’t have enough chance.
Mrs. Jones didn’t have much fund.
Mrs. & Miss Bonham didn’t have much livestock.
UNIT III
Verbs “have to”
1. Present Verb have to (Positive):
Subjects have to / has to verbs objects/nouns/
adjective
adverb of time
I have to take medicine every day.
You have to pay school fee every month.
We have to read good book at the library.
They have to go home early.
He has to bring his son to his office.
She has to meet her boss.
It has to stay out side day and night.
Mr. Baronage has to work hard on his farm.
Mrs. Atkinson has to become A young widow for a while.
Mrs. & Miss Bullock have to arrange their garden today.
1. Present Verb have to (Negative) = do not / does not:
Subjects don’t / doesn’t have to Verbs objects / nouns / adjective
I don’t have to wear black-tie.
You don’t have to withdraw the engagement.
We don’t have to stand by out side.
They don’t have to spell the words.
He doesn’t have to speed his car.
She doesn’t have to shine her diamond.
It doesn’t have to crow inside.
Mr. Gismo doesn’t have to feed his cattle.
Mrs. Jimson doesn’t have to clothe her husband.
Mr. & Miss Shrew don’t have to weep.
1. Present Verb have to (Interrogative):
Do / does subjects have to verbs object/noun/adjective/place
Do I have to draw a graffiti?
Do you have to fly to Bali?
Do we have to throw garbage into the river?
Do they have to forget their sweet memory?
Does he have to break his lover?
Does she have to catch the bus?
Does it have to bite a bone?
Does Mr. McKenzie have to pay the bill?
Does Mrs. McKinley have to swim on the river?
Do Mrs. & Miss Watt have to go to the dentist?
1. Past Verb have to (Positive):
Subjects had to verb ob./noun/adj. adverb of time
I had to sleep on the sofa last night.
You had to drink milk this morning.
We had to buy water at wartime.
They had to sell rice field two weeks ago.
He had to see the fact yesterday.
She had to feel sad for death of her dog.
It had to lay down on the floor at lunch time.
Mr. Jonathon had to call his son last days.
Mrs. Pfeifer had to say goodbye last Sunday.
Mr. & Miss Harrison had to leave home for London.
1. Past Verb have to (Negative) = did not (didn’t)
Subjects didn’t have to verb present objects/noun/adjective/place
I didn’t have to dwell in a big city.
You didn’t have to blow the news.
We didn’t have to bite any nail.
They didn’t have to bind the cat.
He didn’t have to choose The program.
She didn’t have to catch the bus.
It didn’t have to beat the dog.
Mr. Siegel didn’t have to earn money.
Mrs. Decker didn’t have to feel insane.
Mrs. & Miss Locke didn’t have to give any donation.
1. Past Verb have to (Interrogative):
Did subjects have to Verbs noun, object, adj.
Did you have to fight for love?
Did we have to take care of his fortune?
Did they have to sing loudly?
Did he have to wear Jeans?
Did she have to swear to you?
Did it have to stay at home?
Did Mr. Winston have to watch TV?
Did Mrs. Marlboro Have to say good luck?
Did Mrs. & Miss Wimble have to give some tip?
UNIT IV
Verbs “like”
1. Verb like / likes (Positive):
Subjects Like/likes Verbs + ing Objects / nouns / adjectives
I like watching science fiction movies very much.
You like reading hard novel.
We like playing badminton.
They like talking loud.
He likes walking to his school.
She likes staying alone.
It likes eating ants.
Mr. Jefferson likes listening to jazz music all night long.
Mrs. Hanson likes knitting her gown.
Mr. & Miss Holts like discussing about the effect of global economic.
1. Verb like (Negative) = do not (don’t) / does not (doesn’t)
Subjects Don’t / doesn’t Like Verbs + ing Ob./ noun/ adj.
I don’t like drinking alcohol at all.
You don’t like eating chilly.
We don’t like smoking cigarette.
They don’t like keeping the secret.
He doesn’t like fixing my watch.
She doesn’t like making cookies.
It doesn’t like flying any more.
Mr. Currie doesn’t like visiting her son.
Mrs. Halley doesn’t like painting his house.
Mr. & Miss Kay Don’t like driving alone.
1. 3. Verb like (Interrogative) = do / does:
Do / does Subjects Verb like Verbs + ing Object/ noun/ adjective
Do you like traveling?
Do we like collecting stamps?
Do they like tasting our food?
Does he like fishing? / eating fish?
Does she like cooking?
Does it like creeping on the wall?
Does Mr. Gordon like curing himself?
Does Mrs. Jordan like washing dishes?
Do Mrs. & Miss Klein like sweeping the floor?
1. 4. Verb Pattern of Like
* Do you like (eating) steamed/ fried/ fish?
* I like to read in bed but I don’t like having meals in bed.
* I like reading in bed but I don’t like eating in bed.
* She likes him but she doesn’t love him.
* I like his impudence! (Ironic, his impudence is amusing).
* Well, I like that! (Ironic, what has been said or done is surprising, unexpected).
* I didn’t like to disturb you.
* I don’t like troubling her.
* I like people to tell the truth.
* How do you like your tea / coffee?
* I like (= prefer) it rather weak.
* I like this more (or colloq better) than that.
* I should like to go there, if it were possible (or if I were invited).
* I shouldn’t like to do that. (Have no wish to do it).
* She would like a cup of tea, I think.
* I should like to know / to see.
* You wouldn’t like there to be another, would you?
* I don’t like you to smoke / you smoking / your smoking.
* I will come if you like.
* I like lobster but it doesn’t like me.
UNIT V
The Simple Present Tense
Kalimat Simple Present digunakan untuk menyatakan segala macam aktivitas dan peristiwa yang tetap, biasa, terus-menerus, kadang-kadang, dan yang sering dilakukan (terjadi). Kalimat Simple Present juga digunakan untuk menyatakan kebenaran umum (general truth), kesadaran bersama (collective consciousness), adat istiadat atau kebiasaan (customary), dan kemampuan (ability) mengenai setiap bukti yang nyata (real fact).
Misalnya:
- The sun rises in the East, and sets in the West.
- The Earth goes round the sun, and the moon goes round the Earth.
- Water boils on a hundred degree.
- Men precede women.
- Hamdallah speaks English fluently.
- The train in London leaves every ten minutes.
- The class begins at quarter past seven.
- John teaches English on Thursdays.
Simple Present biasanya dibubuhi adverb of phrase and time yang letaknya baku.
Adverb of time: sometimes, every morning, every afternoon, every night, every evening, every day, every week, every week end, every month, every year. Once a day, twice a week, three times a month, five times a day.
Adverb of Phrase: always, never, often (sering), seldom (jarang = times), rarely (jarang = actions), usually, occasionally (sekali-kali).
Sesungguhnya, tanpa membubuhi adverb of time ataupun adverb of phrase pada kalimat simple present tense tidak jadi masalah karena kalimat ini memang sudah merupakan pernyataan yang bersifat daily (keseharian) dan routine (kebiasaan).
Dengan demikian, selain daily (harian) yang termasuk ke dalam bentuk kalimat Simple Present adalah:
- weekly (mingguan) atau per minggu,
- monthly (bulanan) atau per bulan,
- annually (tahunan) atau per tahun, dan
- centennially (seratus tahunan) atau per abad.
1. Simple Present Tense (Positive) = do / does:
Adv. Of Time Subjects Adv. of Phrase Verbs O/ Noun/ Adj./ Place
Every morning I - wake up late.
- You always take a bath on hot water.
Sometimes we - eat breakfast at the kitchen.
- They never drink coffee.
He rarely takes some medicine.
Five times a day she - leaves for the mosque
It occasionally brings Lucky.
Every evening Mr. Wood - blows his sax in a bar.
Mrs. Yeats usually buys food at the market.
Mr. & Miss May often Speak German at home.
2. Present Tense (Negative) = Do not (don’t) / Does not (doesn’t)
Subjects Don’t / doesn’t Verbs Ob./noun/ adj.
I Don’t spend much money.
You Don’t speak German.
We Don’t eat pork.
They Don’t write Arabic.
He Doesn’t tell the true story.
She Doesn’t forgive her boyfriend.
It Doesn’t dive in the water.
Mr. Faraday Doesn’t drive a truck.
Mrs. Faulkner Doesn’t ride a motorbike.
Mr. & Miss Hues Don’t stand on a bus stop.
3. Present Tense (Interrogative) + Do / Does:
Do/does Subjects Verbs Ob./noun/adjective
Do I write a love letter?
Do you speak English?
Do we take the wrong route?
Do they steal candy?
Does he feel alright?
Does she go to school?
Does it fly on the sky?
Does Mr. Harradine blow the flute?
Does Mrs. Cassidy sweep the floor?
Do Mrs. & Miss Lloyd grow corn?
1. Present Tense (Interrogative) with Do / Does and Question Tags:
Question tags Do/ does Subjects Verbs Ob./noun/ adj.
What do I eat / have for breakfast?
Where do you sleep/ stay tonight?
How do we come/ go to the beach?
Why do they shoot / kill the deer?
When does he arrive in town?
What time does she get up/ wake up please?
How well does it work ?
How often does Mr. Kinsey meet / see the dentist?
What for does Mrs. Strauss buy / bring a binocular?
What else do Mr. & Miss Braun tell you?
UNIT VI
Present Progressive Tense
1. Present Continues atau Present Progressive Tense (doing)
Kalimat ini memaparkan segala aktivitas yang sedang berlangsung saat dibicarakan.
Subjects to be verb + ing object/noun/adjective adv. of time / place
I am teaching English at school.
You are learning a foreign language with me.
We are listening to the radio.
They are watching television at home.
He is washing his car in the garage.
She is cooking dinner in the kitchen.
It is barking to the pedestrian on the street.
Mr. Donnelly is mowing the grass in his garden.
Mrs. MacGyver is sewing a gown in her living room.
Mr. & Miss Tools are burning garbage in the farm.
1. Present Continues (Negative):
Subject to be not verb + ing object/ noun/ adverb
I am not teaching German.
You are not learning Japanese.
We are not playing music.
They are not seeing the rainbow.
He is not cleaning the window.
She is not baking cake.
It is not howling out.
Mr. Hanks is not gardening in the park.
Mrs. Papillion is not taking a shower.
Mr. & Miss Vogt are not sunbathing on the beach.
1. Present Continues (Interrogative):
to be subjects verb + ing object/ noun/ adjective
Are you sleeping?
Are we taking a wrong way?
Are they fishing on a boat?
Is he asking for money?
Is she crying out there?
Is it biting a cake?
Is Mr. Faucet cycling alone?
Is Mrs. Farrow dancing?
Are Mrs. & Miss Grey having lunch at their veranda.
1. Present Continues (Interrogative) with Question Tags:
Question Tags to be subjects verb + ing object etc.
Who are you talking with?
What are we eating/drinking?
Where are they going to?
Who is he thinking about?
What is she talking about?
Where is it floating to?
What is Mr. Callaghan doing over there?
Why is Mrs. Colts shouting?
Where are Mr. & Miss Call hunting?
UNIT VII
Simple Past
1. The Simple Past Tense (Positive) = did
Kalimat Simple Past digunakan untuk menjelaskan segala macam perbuatan, kejadian dan peristiwa yang sudah terjadi di masa lalu. Di dalam Bahasa Inggris, setiap peristiwa yang baru saja berlalu, juga sudah termasuk ke dalam kalimat Past.
Subjects Verbs Past Ob. / noun/ adj. Adverb of past time
I wrote a piece of letter two days ago.
You went to Darwin last year.
We ate banana pancake yesterday.
They drank black coffee this morning.
He slept on the floor last night.
She Took Some medicine few minutes ago.
It flew away three weeks ago.
Mr. Bogart swept the floor yesterday morning.
Mrs. Rowling drove her car last month.
Mrs. & Miss Brooks sang some pop songs last night.
1. Simple Past Tense (Negative) = did not (didn’t)
Subject did not / didn’t Verbs Ob. / noun / adj.
I didn’t write a piece of letter.
You didn’t go to Darwin.
We didn’t eat banana pancake.
They didn’t drink black coffee.
He didn’t sleep on the floor.
She didn’t take medicine.
It didn’t fly away.
Mr. Peregrine didn’t sweep the floor.
Mrs. Anderson didn’t drive her car.
Mr. & Miss Fritz didn’t sing any pop song.
1. Simple Past Tense (Interrogative) = did:
Did you buy any magazine?
Did we say good words?
Did they pay the bill?
Did he speak any German?
Did she forget her own promise?
Did It spring well?
Did Mr. Green understand Arabic?
Did Mrs. Snowy sit on a bench
Did Mrs. & Miss Simms wake up late?
1. Simple Past Tense (Interrogative) did with Question Tags:
Where did you have dinner?
What did we eat for breakfast?
When did they get married?
Where did he buy a car?
Why did she look upset?
How did it escape?
What did Mr. Foreman say to you?
How did Mrs. Litton arrive here?
When did Mr. & Miss Curly repair their house?
UNIT VIII
Past Continues Tense
Kalimat ini digunakan untuk menyatakan atau menceritakan segala macam aktivitas yang (dulu / tadi) sedang terjadi (di masa lalu) tapi sedang dibicarakan sekarang.
1. Past Continues (Positive)
Subject to be past verb + ing
I was swimming when you called me.
You were gardening while I passed.
We were discussing as they slept.
They were eating when I went out.
He was feeling sad as she said goodbye.
She was putting flowers while Gloria made tea.
It was boiling before five minutes.
Mr. Brianna was jogging when I ate breakfast.
Mrs. Gibson was cooking when a postman came.
Mr. & Miss Garth were having dinner when I came home.
2. Past Continues (Negative) = was not (wasn’t) were not (weren’t)
I wasn’t driving yesterday.
You weren’t fishing on the lake.
We weren’t quarrelling but shouting.
They weren’t biking. around the park.
He wasn’t traveling any where.
She wasn’t dreaming but thinking.
It wasn’t quacking any more.
Mr. Doolittle wasn’t working any thing.
Mrs. Castaway wasn’t staying at home.
Mrs. & Miss Flake weren’t tuning up their car.
3. Past Continues (Interrogative):
Were you trying to jump?
Were we discussing about a movie?
Were they celebrating someone?
Was he connecting a cable?
Was she chopping a sugar cane?
Was it sleeping when we arrived?
Was Mr. Sullivan looking at me before we entered?
Was Mrs. Stuyvesant blending her spice?
Were Mr. & Miss Roberts planting sunflowers?
UNIT IX
Present Perfect
1. Present Perfect Tense (Positive):
Kalimat Present Perfect digunakan untuk menyatakan segala macam aktivitas yang sudah, pernah atau telah dialami.
Di dalam kalimat Present Perfect keterangan waktu (adverb of time) tidak begitu perlu, yang penting aktivitasnya.
Subjects have / has past participle object, adjective, noun, place
I have gone to Europe.
You have fallen in love.
We have written a love letter.
They have eaten snake.
He has drunk kerosene.
She has brought to the hospital.
It has flown across the river.
Mr. Mercury has spoken German.
Mrs. Macintosh has made a simple computer.
Mrs. & Miss Wimble have bough an expensive car.
1. Present Perfect Tense (Negative) = haven’t atau hasn’t
Subjects haven’t / hasn’t past participle object, noun, adjective, place
I haven’t drunk alcohol.
You haven’t driven car.
We haven’t ridden horse.
They haven’t rung the bell.
He hasn’t sung jazz songs.
She hasn’t spoken English.
It hasn’t crept out.
Mr. Gilmour hasn’t swept the upstairs room.
Mrs. Floyd hasn’t taught English.
Mr. & Miss Rose haven’t seen any rhinoceros.
1. 3. Present Perfect Tense (Interrogative):
Have / Has subjects past participle object, noun, adjective, place
Have you swum on a hot spring?
Have we slept in a ware house?
Have they fed live stock?
Has he bleed ?
Has she sold her house?
Has it eaten bread?
Has Mr. Stouffer kept a pet?
Has Mrs. Burton gone to Bali?
Have Mr. & Miss Kits caught a butterfly?
1. 4. Present Perfect Tense (Interrogative) with Question Tags:
Question Tags have / has subjects past participle
What have you done?
What have we eaten?
Where have they gone?
What has he drunk?
What has she said?
Where has it found?
What has Mr. Williamson spoken?
What has Mrs. Forbes told?
Where have Mr. & Miss Dobbs left for?
How long have you known each other?
- How long have John and Claudia had a car?
- How far has Miss Sue taken a walk?
- How many English records has he bought?
- How many times have you met your students?
UNIT X
Present Perfect Continues Tense
Kalimat Present Perfect Continues digunakan untuk mengutarakan segala aktivitas yang dari tadi/dulu sampai dibicarakan sekarang masih sedang berlangsung atau belum selesai.
1. Present Perfect Continues Tense (Positive):
Subjects have / has been verb + ing object, noun, adjective
I have been typing English Grammar.
You have been waiting for an sms.
We have been writing English structure.
They have been walking for one hour.
He has been working at his office.
She has been gardening.
It has been twinkling on the sky.
Mr. Macmillan has been fixing his car.
Mrs. Rootstock has been brushing her carpet.
Mr. & Miss Hays have been painting their jeep.
Perfect Continuous dengan Modal
Modal seperti can/could, will/would, shall/should, may/might, dan must bisa digunakan pada Perfect Continuous Tense, untuk menekankan/menegaskan kontinyuitas kata kerja tersebut.
* I don’t know why Hilda was still there at that hour.
She might have been waiting for someone.
* Anna wasn’t doing anything when I met her.
She should have been typing letters.
Subject + Modal + have been + verb + ing + object, noun, adverb of time
1. Might + perfect continuous = mungkin aktivitas itu (sudah/telah) terjadi di masa lampau.
2. Should + perfect continuous = aktivitas itu sebaiknya/seharusnya (sudah/telah) terjadi dimasa lampau, tapi ternyata sebaliknya.
3. Could + perfect continuous = sebetulnya ada peluang untuk melakukan aktivitas itu, tetapi kesempatan itu tidak dimanfaatkan.
4. Must + perfect continuous = menyatakan kesimpulan mengenai aktivitas yang mestinya (sudah/telah) terjadi di masa lampau.
5. Can + perfect continuous = menyatakan kesimpulan mengenai kemampuan yang (sudah/telah/pernah) dilakukan di masa lalu.
6. Can’t + perfect Continuous = bentuk menyangkal untuk must + perfect continuous.
* Francesca can have been reviewing grammar before the exams.
* George may have been writing a short story when she gets there.
* I shall have been replacing the tile before the rainy season comes.
* We should have been practicing English last night.
* Charlie could have been talking to Julia yesterday evening.
* “He must have been thinking about his girl friend,” Teddy said.
* Poe can’t have been working anything. He is a really lazy creature!
1. Present Perfect Continues Tense (Negative):
Subjects haven’t / hasn’t been verb + ing objects, noun, adjective
I haven’t been speaking Japanese.
You haven’t been washing clothes.
We haven’t been talking about food.
They haven’t been spelling English.
He hasn’t been taking a bath.
She hasn’t been swimming.
It hasn’t been sleeping.
Mr. Springfield hasn’t been listening to the news.
Mrs. Wilder hasn’t been sewing her gown.
Mr. & Miss Rings haven’t been sitting on a swing chair.
1. Present Perfect Continues Tense (Interrogative) :
Have / Has subjects been verb + ing
Have you been translating?
Have we been interviewing?
Have they been organizing?
Has he been managing?
Has she been composing?
Has it been cooking?
Has Mr. Paparazzi been editing?
Has Mrs. Vagabond been celebrating?
Have Mrs. & Miss Holt been praying?
- How long have you been waiting for me?
UNIT XI
Past Perfect Tense
Kalimat Past Perfect digunakan untuk menyatakan segala aktivitas yang 1. tadi (dulu) sudah terjadi, 2. tadi (dulu) pernah, 3. tadi / dulu telah dilakukan, dan terjadi sebelum (before) atau ketika (when) peristiwa lain berlangsung di masa lalu.
Kalimat Past Perfect biasanya didampingi kalimat Simple Past (verb II) baik dinyatakan ataupun tidak, dengan perantara time clause (keterangan waktu) before dan when.
(Lihat: Passive Voice and Past Perfect, UNIT XVIII)
1. Past Perfect Tense (Positive):
Subjects had past part objects time clause
I had gone to Bandung before you called me.
You had known her when she became an artist.
We had eaten hot soup before you ordered lunch.
They had swum on the lake when their parents came.
He had just gone to Bali before Emmy rang her.
She had been in Bandung when I met her at the bus stop.
It had blown underground when they excavated the tunnel.
Mr. Wishful had lost his money when he was in Jakarta.
Mrs. Clockwise had forgotten her car key before she drive her car.
Mr. & Miss Fit had frozen gold fishes before they cooked it.
1. Past Perfect Tense (Negative) = had not / hadn’t
Subjects hadn’t past part o. n. adj. time clause
I hadn’t drunk orange juice before we ate breakfast.
You hadn’t written the note before my explanation finished.
We hadn’t left home if my parents were out.
They hadn’t saw the fact if detective didn’t permit.
She hadn’t drawn picture before sunrise.
It hadn’t spread its wings before breakfast offered.
Mr. Jackfruit hadn’t dwelt in town if his daughter took piano lesson.
1. Past Perfect Tense (Interrogative):
Had subjects past participle object, noun, adjective
Had you sent me a message?
Had we caught the thief?
Had they gone to foreign country?
Had he slept well?
Had she dreamt about me?
Had it stolen my fish?
Had Mr. Cooper made a trousers?
Had Mrs. Strauss spoken French?
Had Mr. & Miss See wrote a land agreement?
UNIT XII
Simple Future Tense with Will and Shall
1. Will digunakan untuk orang kedua dan ketiga, baik tunggal maupun jamak. Shall digunakan untuk orang pertama tunggal dan jamak Shall bersifat resmi.
Adverb of time untuk future biasanya menggunakan kata tomorrow, later, next, etc.
Subjects will / shall verbs present object/adjective/adverb
I shall work hard tomorrow.
You will study biology next week.
We shall find out the solution later on.
They will try to speak English next session.
He will marry Suzanne the day after tomorrow.
She will ask Mr. Brown for her salary next June
It will come rainy season after this month.
Mr. Flintstone will buy my bike tomorrow.
Mrs. Barclay will visit her daughter tomorrow morning.
Mrs. & Miss Simpson will invite their neighbor tonight.
Will digunakan oleh orang pertama ( I ) untuk menyatakan kesungguhan:
I will wait for you any times (maksudnya:) I really intend to wait for you.
I will come early tomorrow (maksudnya:) I am sure I must come on time.
Shall digunakan untuk menyatakan tidak sungguh-sungguh, kurang yakin, belum tentu, bisa jadi, atau mungkin:
- I shall win the game in the quiz.
- We shall know the result on the next research.
- Unless the taxi comes soon we shall miss our plane.
- I shall see Tom tomorrow (perhaps we go to school together).
Di dalam percakapan Bahasa Inggris sehari-hari (daily conversation) yang bersifat non formal tapi akrab, lebih sering menggunakan will daripada shall.
Shall sering digunakan pada question tags:
Let’s go. Shall we? (atau) Shall we have lunch at the café?
Kata kerja (verbs) yang biasa digunakan setelah subjects dan sebelum main clause of future di antaranya:
- I’m sure he will come home soon.
- I suppose they will sell their house.
- Perhaps we will find your coin on the grass.
- They probably will wait for us out there.
- He hopes Eve will write him again.
- We believe God will drop the rain soon.
- You’re afraid your money will run out.
Untuk menyatakan kebiasaan yang akan datang atau yang akan terjadi:
- Rainy season will come again.
- Birds will make their nests.
- Politician will always talk about plans and promises.
Untuk pemberitaan dan pengumuman resmi biasanya menggunakan will, namun untuk daily conversation informal biasanya menggunakan present continues atau be going to.
Formal:
The headmaster will celebrate the new school building tomorrow.
Informal:
The headmaster is going to celebrate the new school building tomorrow, atau
The headmaster is celebrating the new school building tomorrow.
Untuk menyatakan janji yang sungguh-sungguh (intended promises) atau rencana matang di masa depan, selain menggunakan will, juga ditambah adverbs:
- I will always wait for your answer.
- He will never forget his dating with that girl.
- She will always ask for more.
- They will never believe in us.
- We will always be here. Etc.
1. 2. The Future Continues Tense
Untuk menyatakan segala aktivitas yang sedang berlangsung di masa yang akan datang.
Subject will/shall be verbs + ing 0bjects, noun, time clause, etc
I shall be writing a short story next week.
You will be helping me to tidy the garden tomorrow.
We shall be marrying in two months.
They will be working a whole day tomorrow.
He will be typing his novel next Thursday.
She will be designing her new style wedding gown.
It will be starting soon after warming up.
Mr. Johnson will be evacuating to the hospital soon.
Mrs. Wright will be demonstrating her ability on Balinese dance.
Mrs. & Miss Tax will be gathering cloves on their garden.
1. 3. Future Perfect Tense
Kalimat Future Perfect digunakan untuk menyatakan segala macam aktivitas yang akan sudah (akan telah) selesai di masa depan. Fungsinya sama dengan Past Perfect Tense (Unit XI).
Kalimat Future dan Past Perfect biasanya digunakan pada karya sastra.
Subjects shall / will have past participle o./n. time clause (before/after)
I shall have left home when you arrive tomorrow.
You will have eaten dinner before BBC News finishes.
We shall have swum about after lunch offers on the patio.
They will have taken English Course after school over.
He will have chosen his tie before audition announces.
She will have woken up before sun rises.
It will have grown after egg mixes with soda.
Mr. Greenberg will have given speech after students graduate.
Mrs. Arkansas will have sewn her gown before winter comes.
Mr. & Miss Oak will have chopped their firewood before night comes.
Future Perfect dan Past Perfect dalam Passive Voice
Past Perfect:
- Before she wrote a love letter, she had been bought some stamps.
- Before he chose the Arrow shirt, he had been worn the same trade mark.
- Before Hans flew to Germany, he had been written to his friends there.
Future Perfect:
- The homework will have been done before the meeting starts tomorrow.
- The bell will have been rung (five minutes) before the library closes.
- The sketch will have been drawn before he paints the scenery.
- The wind will have been blown away before the kites festival begins.
- The hot chocolate will have been drunk before my Mom gets homes.
1. 4. Future Perfect Continues Tense
Kalimat Future Perfect digunakan untuk menerangkan segala macam aktivitas yang “belum akan selesai” dan “masih akan berlangsung” ketika (pada saat) terjadi aktivitas di masa datang.
Subjects shall/will have been verbs + ing clause of time (for – by)
Frieda is a secretary at UNESCO office. She has been working there for many years.
- She will have been working at UNESCO for ten years by the next month.
- Angela will have been living in Bali for exactly five years by the next Thursday.
- Richard will have been sleeping for several hours by the time you go home.
- Jack will have been marrying Jeanette for three years by the next New Year.
- We shall have been counting the capital for a month by this time next week.
- Steve will have been learning Arabic for eight years by the time he takes his extended examination.
UNIT XIII
Simple Past Future
1. Kalimat Simple Past Future digunakan untuk mengutarakan segala aktivitas yang “dulu akan dilakukan” atau “akan dilakukan di masa lalu”.
Subjects should/would verbs present objects, nouns
I would go to Bandung
You would promote as a schoolmaster.
We should pay more for Audio.
They would celebrate Karen’s birthday.
He would bring a box of biscuit.
She would give a speech.
It would melt on fire.
Mr. Still would travel around the world.
Mrs. Dumont would take care of any orphan.
Mr. & Mss Gibbs would run a youth café.
1. Past Future Continues Tense (dulu akan sedang melakukan)
Subjects should/would be verbs + ing objects, nouns
I would be enjoying jazz music chamber.
You would be listening to 9/11 radio station.
We should be taking photograph over there.
They would be talking about price.
He would be climbing a coconut tree.
She would be washing dish.
It would be spinning fast.
Mr. Vintage would be airbrushing his scooter.
Mrs. Caravels would be driving to Las Vegas.
Mrs. & Miss Toys would be discussing about Moslem society.
UNIT XIV
Past Future Perfect
1. Past Future Perfect Tense
Kalimat Past Future dipergunakan untuk mengutarakan segala bentuk aktivitas yang “dulu akan sudah dilakukan” atau “akan sudah dikerjakan di masa lalu”.
Subjects should/would have past part. objects, nouns
I would have written a novel.
You would have gone to Belgium.
We should have slept in a cave.
They would have ridden scooters.
He should have eaten a python.
She should have taken Psychological test.
It would have grown wild.
Mr. McLeod would have spoken French and German.
Mrs. Sullivan would have chosen wooden bungalow.
Mr. & Miss Swan should have sung Rhythm and Blues songs.
1. Past Future Perfect Continues Tense
Kalimat Past Future Perfect Continues digunakan untuk mengemukakan segala aktivitas yang di masa lalu “belum akan selesai” dan di masa lalu “masih akan berlangsung”.
Subjects should/would have been verb + ing objects, nouns
I would have been arranging a cabaret.
You would have been painting a portrait.
We should have been talking about a plan.
They would have been playing Scrabble.
He would have been traveling around the country.
She would have been shopping Handy-craft.
It would have been flying away.
Mr. Harradine should have been repairing his car.
Mrs. Thomson should have been
Mrs. & Miss Pyle would have been
UNIT XV
Gerund (ing-forms)
Untuk menyatakan segala aktivitas yang umum, wajar dan biasa, tapi diungkapkan dengan cara mengubah verbs (kata kerja) ke dalam bentuk verbal noun (kata kerja yang berubah menjadi kata benda).
1. Gerund (bentuk “ing”) sebagai Subject (pokok kalimat):
- Praying in a congregation is more rewarding.
- Praying in mosque is rewarding.
- The understanding of the Holy Qur’an requires knowledge of Arabic and Hadith.
- Telling a lie is a sinning.
- Riding a bike is easy.
- Driving a car is difficult.
- Collecting stamps is a good hobby.
- Reading good books is the best habit.
- Practicing English is the best way to success.
- Playing scrabble is good way to increase vocabulary.
- Writing diary in English is another good way of improving it.
- Smiling is a good therapy.
- Listening to classical jazz and blues music is my hobby.
2. Gerund sebagai Object:
- He regretted his wife’s misunderstanding (him).
- He didn’t approve her leaving (so suddenly).
- Reading English is easier than speaking (it).
- Do you want being good at English? Don’t give up practicing.
- When we get tired we always stop working.
- Jazz and blues were spread in USA from the beginning.
- Does John enjoy teaching?
1. 1. Gerund menjadi Subjects di belakang Verbs:
Verbs + Gerunds
- The students enjoy studying English in the foreign language laboratory.
- The good boys enjoy fasting on the whole of Ramadhan.
- Henry found parking in Bandung was difficult.
- The police prevent smuggling at the airport.
- We expected recovering from monetary crises was priority.
- European botanist wondered seeing so many kinds of orchid in Indonesia.
- He admitted taking the money.
- I don’t anticipate meeting any opposition.
- Try to avoid making him angry.
- He detests speaking Japanese.
- Vicky dreads getting old.
- Johannes kept complaining.
- She keeps smiling to me.
- He advised me applying at once.
- She recommended buying it.
- They don’t allow parking.
1. 2. Possessive Adjective + Gerunds:
- I appreciate your giving me so much of your time.
- Forgive my interrupting you.
- Forgive me for interrupting you.
- I can’t prevent his leaving the country.
- I can’t prevent him from leaving the country.
- I don’t remember my mother complaining about the prices.
1. 3. Infinitive menjadi Gerund:
- I began to work, menjadi I began working.
- He continued to live, menjadi He continued living above shop.
- The grass wants to be cut, menjadi The grass wants cutting.
- US Army ceased to attack Afghan soldiers, menjadi US Army ceased attacking …
1. 4. Preposition + Gerund:
- Fred insisted on seeing Anita.
- Roy was accused of smuggling drugs.
- I have no objection to hearing your story again.
- Can you touch your toes without bending your knees?
- Helga is found of adventuring.
- Tommy is good on telling lies.
- After swimming I felt cold.
- Is Miss Schippers interested in making money?
- She doesn’t care for cooking.
- I’m sorry for keeping you waiting.
1. 5. Verb + Preposition (adverb combination / phrasal verb) + Gerund
- I don’t care for standing in queues.
- Finally the dog left off barking.
- She puts off making a decision till she had more details.
- Helena doesn’t care for making money, her husband is a millionaire.
- Will you see about getting a new tire?
- Steve tried to give up smoking yesterday.
- I look forward to seeing you soon.
- She took to ringing me in the midnight.
1. 6. Gerund sebagai Larangan atau Pemberitahuan:
- no smoking, no parking
- no trespassing, no swimming
- no littering,
- no spiting,
- no loitering,
- no shouting,
1. 7. Passive Verbal Gerund (being / having been + past participle)
2. a. Passive Verbal sebagai Subject:
- Being taught by Miss Irene is very interesting.
- Having been taught by her was a great experience.
- Being brought to this small town has made her sad.
- Having been forgotten by his old friend makes him unhappy.
-
1. b. Passive Verbal sebagai Object:
- They don’t like being suspected.
- The students enjoyed being taught by Miss Helen.
- Phil doesn’t like being appointed new director.
1. c. Passive Verbal sebagai Object Modifier:
- I like the children being fed by Mrs. Julie.
- They would like to learn the song being sung by Celine Dion.
- Don’t accept the gift being given by any foreigner.
1. d. Passive Verbal sebagai Adjective (Subject Modifier) :
- The man being examined is very helpful.
- The clerk being promoted makes his wife happy.
- The report having been finished will be printed soon.
- The log cabin after having been cleaned up became a very nice place to live in.
10. Gerund dalam Noun Compound
1. a. Noun + Gerund:
- Fruit picking,
- Lorry driving,
- Hitch hiking,
- Bird watching,
- Surf riding,
- Weight lifting,
- Coal mining,
- stamp collecting,
1. b. Gerund + Noun:
- waiting list,
- driving license,
- dining room,
- diving board,
- swimming pool,
- landing card,
- parking lot,
- shopping center,
UNIT XVI
The Present Participle
Digunakan untuk menerangkan kata benda. Present Participle terletak di depan kata benda yang diterangkan. Present Participle (juga disebut Active Participle) adalah verbal yang berfungsi sebagai adjective.
1. 1. Present Participle sebagai Noun Modifier : (kata yang menentukan sifat kata benda)
Present Participle di depan Noun.
- The floating iron box is a ship.
- The growing crops need care.
- The flying machine is an air plane.
- That singing bird is a wambi
- A crying child came to his mother.
Present Participle di belakang Noun.
- The girl wearing that blue scarf is my girl friend.
- People wishing to visit the Green Canyon are foreign tourist.
- The boy kissing my right hand is my lovely son.
- The woman riding a blue scooter is my beloved wife.
- Who’s that girl talking on a mobile?
1. Present Participle (Participle Phrase) : sebagai Clause Modifier : kata yang menentukan anak kalimat. Gunanya :
1. Sebagai Verb modifier yang menerangkan seluruh clause (anak kalimat) di belakangnya.
2. Untuk menunjukkan perbuatan itu terjadi pada waktu bersamaan dengan aktivitas yang dinyatakan di dalam predicate.
3. Untuk menggambarkan sebab-akibat.
4. Present Participle sebagai Clause Modifier bisa juga menggunakan bentuk Perfect (setelah, sesudah, seusai).
* Opening the ceremony, he spoke about moral degradation.
* Taking off our shoes, we creep cautiously along the passage.
* Walking to school, I often see him in the garden.
* Shouting, the police kicked the door.
* Being a student, he was naturally interested in English.
* Having bitten twice, he didn’t want to be a snake hunter.
* Having bough an Mp 3, she didn’t need any tapes.
* Having been his own boss for such a long time, Keith found it hard to accept orders from another.
1. Present Participle sebagai Predicative Adjunct (“sensation”):
- I heard his booking seats.
- Every day I see them, passing the house.
- I smell something burning.
- I saw him kissing her.
- You can hear the clock ticking.
- We felt the house shaking.
- Do you like to go fishing?
- I saw her standing there.
- She stood addressing her guests.
- She kept smiling at me.
- She sat there waiting.
- We saw the thief running away.
- He heard a woman calling for help.
- Can you touch the ice melting?
- I watched a monkey being fed by a tourist.
- She found a letter lying on the floor.
- He left me waiting outside.
- Please get the clock going.
- We must not keep them waiting.
1. Present Participle sebagai pengganti Clausa (anak kalimat):
- He rode away. He whistled as he went = He rode away whistling.
- He hold the rope with one hand and stretches out the other to the boy in the river = Holding the rope with one hand, he stretches out the other to the boy in the river.
- She raises the trap-door and pointed to a flight of steps = Raising the trap-door she pointed to a flight of steps.
- She went out, slamming the door.
- He fired, wounding one of the bandits.
- I caught her stealing my photograph.
- She cried, suffering from toothache.
UNIT XVII
The Preposition
1. Preposition for Place of Residence and Common:
- I like to spend the summer in the country and winter in the town.
- Most of European lives in cities.
- The farmers usually live in a village.
- Many factories built in the suburbs.
- The habituate of camel and iguana are in the desert.
- I have lived in Germany for a year.
- I have stayed in Berlin and Amsterdam.
- A friend of mine lives in Belgium.
- My sister in law lives in Manchester.
- She would like to live in a bungalow.
- Most of the rich live in a sophisticated apartment.
- Students in any modern countries live in a flat.
- Some travelers avoid staying in a hotel.
- Bohemian and nomad usually live in a caravan.
- I saw a millionaire living in a mansion house.
- We have always breakfast, lunch, and dinner in the dining room.
- My daughter lives with her granny at Indihiang, in Tasikmalaya.
- Shakespeare was born at Stratford-on-Avon, in London, England.
- My aunt Farida lives at Bekker, in Voordam, Holland.
- Mrs. Sumsky is a housekeeper, she lives at home.
- English Prime Minister lives at 10 Downing Street.
- King and Queen of the United Kingdom live at Buckingham Palace.
- The first president Soekarno had lived at Buitenzorg Palace, in Bogor.
- I’ll enjoy working at the library.
- Working at the railway station wasn’t interesting anymore.
- Some students take part time job at Hudson’s Café during holiday.
- My friend Aimee works at the Royal Belgium Hospital.
- It wasn’t my plan working at the bus station.
*) in the kitchen, in the bathroom, in the bedroom, in the garage, in the warehouse, in the garden,
*) on the farm, on the field, on a rubber plantation, on the hill, on a real estate, on the airport, on a harbor, on the beach, on the street, on the wagon, on a mountain top, on a jet plane, on a carpet, on the right, on the left, on the way back, on your head, on the same ship, on TV, on the wall, on the table, on the keyboard, on cassette, on the floor, on the water.
2. Preposition for Time, Age, and Period:
- We always get up at dawn, and then pray at about half past four, then eat breakfast at six a.m. after took a bath, and then we go to school at six thirty.
- We must pray and ready to study at the beginning of the lesson.
- We have break about fifteen minutes at noon.
- The school finishes at quarter to two.
- Audience applause the Big Band at the end of their Jazz concert.
- The movie was interested, it ended at midnight.
- We will always have a half days school at Ramadan.
- Our children live together at weekend.
- My daughter always asks for more food at dinner.
- Don’t go swim on the beach at high tide.
- I was born on November 16th.
- Foreign students go to school everyday, they off on Saturdays and Sundays.
- The crowd gathered on Christmas.
- Cindy will come on my birthday.
- People gathered on every New Year.
- My friend was married on my thirtieth birthday.
- When I slept on a camping ground, there was rain on the ground.
- Dominique called me on Saturday evening.
- He has asked Daniela to come on November sixteenth.
- I went to Germany in autumn (in fall) of 1991.
- English speaking people spend holiday in tropical countries in winter.
- Germany was destroyed in 1944.
- Games, songs, and jokes are funny subjects in English lesson.
- A good bus will get you from Bandung to Pangandaran in seven hours.
- I can translate a short story in a week.
- Peter and Clara will be married in two days.
3. Preposition for Object Relation:
- Jean told me about his trip from England to Indonesia.
- Franz has looked about Cindy but he didn’t find her.
- I’ll see you about three o’clock p.m.
- Madam Spree has about to start work when her mobile rang.
- What are you thinking about? (I’m thinking about the theme of my new short story.)
- I’d like to drink hot chocolate. What about you, Thelma?
- Let’s children play around the yard.
- My uncle’s house is around the corner of Ciumbuleuit Street.
- Stefan threw his marble around here.
- Christopher Columbus had adventured around the world.
4. Preposition for Connection:
- The girl was named after her granny. (as same as)
- The student entered the class one after another.
- He wrote after the style of Hemmingway. (follow)
- I have asked Eve after her husband. (about)
- A sergeant comes after a major. (lower than)
- What’s Jim after? (looking for)
- He’s going after his cat.
- The dog runs after a thief. (catch up)
- After the lies he has told, nobody trust him. (because)
- Joyce has spent her life day after day in a lunatic asylum.
5. Preposition for Opposition:
- Most of Indonesian civil servant works against their will.
- He crossed against the red light.
- Mickey leaned his back against the wall.
- This medicine is better protecting against the poison.
- The Japanese car always completely damaged against a tree.
- I have warned you against the danger.
6. Preposition for Division:
- I have translated several plays into Indonesian.
- Where’s the bank, please?
(It’s near here. Please. Walk along this street, then turns right into that paving block passage).
- Put the right answer into the blank.
- The waitress poured soft drinks into a mug.
- Don’t enclose money into mail.
- She changed her dress into a very beautiful silk wedding gown.
- A crab hides into a hole.
- I wanted to divide my house into eight rooms.
- My daughter will grow into a nice smart lady.
- Don’t talk too much about the past, look into the future.
- An empty coconut falls into dry grass.
- I wasn’t looking where I was going and I bumped into the mud.
UNIT XVIII
Passive Voice
Dibentuk dari Subjects + nouns + to be + past participle (dari main verb).
To be berfungsi sebagai kata bantu.
Passive Voice digunakan jika subject tidak penting atau tidak diketahui.
1. Present Simple:
Active Passive
We make butter from milk. Butter is made from milk.
Somebody cleans these rooms every day. These rooms are cleaned every day.
People never invite me to parties. I am never invited to parties.
How do they make butter? How is butter made?
He sends the mail. The mail is sent.
2. Past Simple:
Somebody stole my car last week. My car was stolen last week.
Somebody stole her keys yesterday. Her keys were stolen yesterday.
They didn’t invite me to the party. I wasn’t invited to the party.
When did they build these houses? When were these houses built?
He wrote a short story. A short story was written.
3. Present Continues:
He is teaching English. English is being taught.
They are building a new airport. A new airport is being built.
They are bringing some food for a party. Some food are being brought for a party.
4. Past Continues
She was eating an apple. An apple was being eaten.
They were blowing a balloon. A balloon was being blown.
5. Present Perfect:
He has taken some medicine. Some medicine has been taken.
Look! They have bough a new scooter. Look! A new scooter has been bough.
Somebody has written / sent me a letter. A letter has been written / sent.
6. Past Perfect:
She had brought back the document. The document had been brought back.
John had driven a caravan. A caravan had been driven.
7. Perfect Continues:
They have been blowing up the news. The news has being blown up.
She has been speaking about the profit. The profit has being spoken.
8. Future:
They will write a letter to me. A letter will be written to me.
They are going to build a new airport. A new airport is going to be built.
9. Future Perfect:
The baby will have drunk the milk. The milk will have been drunk.
Note:
(will have been + past participle + before etc.)
- The job will have been done before the exhibition starts tomorrow.
- The uniform will have been chosen before the grand opening begins.
- The overcoat will have been bespoken before the wedding party happens next month.
- The pole will have been broken before the telephone wires set on.
- The trees will have been sawn before the scooter riders group on the road.
10. Passive Voice and Modals:
Active Passive
They must write a report. A report must be written.
She must sell the house. The house must be sold.
He can do the exercise. The exercise can be done.
They should keep the food in proper. The food should be kept in proper.
She could think over the gardening. The gardening could be thought over.
They will bring their children to a park. The children will be brought to a park.
Passive Verbal and Gerund
Passive Verbal adalah Verbal Phrase (Verb Combination) mengandung bentuk-bentuk to be (being/ having been) + past participle
1. Passive Verbal sebagai Subject
-Being taught by Mr. Harrison is very interesting.
-Having been taught by Miss Prey was a great opportunity.
-Being brought to his town has made Miss Forney sad.
-Having been forgotten by his old friend makes him unhappy.
1. Passive Verbal sebagai Object
-They don’t like being driven by a crook.
-The thief was wonder having been caught by a hidden camera.
1. Passive Verbal sebagai Object Modifier (kata yang menentukan sifat)
-I like my daughter being fed by her granny.
-They would like to song being sung by Celine Dion.
-Don’t accept anything being given by a stranger.
1. Passive Verbal sebagai Subject Modifier (adjective)
-The new actress being made up is very beautiful.
-The tea being drunk makes well-known product.
-The short story having been written will be sold out.
-The old store room after having been rebuilt became a very convenient library.
-The forest having been swept down is safe to dwell in.
1. Passive Verbal Infinitive (to be) sebagai Subject
-To be woken up earlier makes me dizzy.
-To be shown by West-life is very pleasant.
-To be chosen a grand acceptor has made her very happy.
1. Passive Verbal Infinitive (to be) sebagai Object
-Indonesian movies don’t need to be grown up.
-Sue doesn’t like to be chosen.
-The lost boys enjoyed to be found.
1. Passive Verbal Infinitive sebagai Adverb
-Angelina Jolly has left for Hollywood only to be famous.
-I have told the story only to be understood.
Passive Voice and Past Perfect
Before the boat left the shore, the net had been arranged.
Before he drawn the criminal, the papers had been offered.
Before she wrote an address, the stamps had been bought.
Before he drove here, his luggage had been packed.
Before the news spoke out, the facts had been cross-checked.
The Verb Form of Tenses
Present Simple I write a letter
Continuous I am writing a letter
Perfect I have written a letter
Perfect Continuous I have been writing a letter
Past Simple I wrote a letter
Continuous I was writing a letter
Perfect I had written a letter
Perfect Continuous I had been writing a letter
Future Simple I shall write a letter
Continuous I shall be writing a letter
Perfect I shall have written a letter
Perfect Continuous I shall have been writing a letter
Past Future Simple I should/would write a letter
Continuous I should/would be writing a letter
Perfect I should/would have written a letter
Perfect Continuous I should/would have been writing
Notes:
Past Future Simple Present Conditional
Past Future Continuous Present Conditional Continuous
Past Future Perfect Perfect Conditional
Past Future Perfect Continuous Perfect Conditional Continuous
Future Conditional
UNIT XIX
Direct x Indirect Speech
atau
Quoted x Reported Speech
Direct Speech atau Quoted Speech
(dari)
Indirect Speech atau Reported Speech
(menjadi)
Simple Present Simple Past
Present Continuous Past Continuous
Present Perfect Past Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
Future Past Future
Future Continuous Past Future Continuous
Future Perfect Past Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous Past Future Perfect Continuous
Past Future Past Future Perfect
Simple Past Past Perfect
Note:
Dari (Direct / Quoted Speech) Present Perfect dan dari Simple Past sama-sama menjadi Past Perfect (Indirect / Reported Speech)
LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS
PRESENT
kata kerja 1
PAST
kata kerja 2
PAST PARTICIPLE
kata kerja 3 +have/ has
MEANING
Arise Arose Arisen Bangun, timbul, berdiri, terbit
Awake awoke Awaked, awoken Bangun, sadar
Be (am, is, are) Was / were Been Adalah
Bear Bore Borne Memikul
Beat Beat Beaten Memukul
Become Became Become Menjadi, cocok
Befall Befell Befallen Menimpa
Begin Began Begun Memulai
Bend Bent bent Menekuk, melipat, bengkok
Bid Bade, bid Bidden, bid minta, menawar
Bind bound Bound Mengikat
Bite Bit Bitten, bit Menggigit
Bleed Bled bled ambil/keluarkan darah
Blend Blended, blent Blended, blent Campuran, paduan, adonan
Bless Blessed, blest Blessed, blest Mendoakan, merestui
Blow Blew Blown Meniup, bunyikan, ledakan mengeluarkan, muntahkan
Break Broke Broken Pecah, patah, putus, istirahat
Breed Bred Bred Memelihara, membiakkan, mendidik, melatih hewan
Bring Brought Brought Membawa, mengambil, mengajukan.
Build Built Built Membangun, mendirikan.
Burn Burnt, burned Burnt, burned Membakar, nyulut, hanguskan
Burst Burst Burst Mendobrak, meletup, meledak (tangis/tawa), marah
Buy Bought Bought Membeli, menyogok
Catch Caught Caught Menangkap, ngejar, nular, tersangkut, jarring, raih
Choose chose chosen Memilih, memutuskan
Cleave Clove, cleft Cloven, cleft belah, motong, mecahkan.
Cling Clang Clung nempel, melekat
Clothe Clothed, clad Clothed, clad Membeli baju, membajui
Come Came Come Datang, sampai.
Cost cost cost Harga, ongkos, biaya, korban
Creep Crept Crept Merangkak, rayap, lata
Crow Crowed , crew Crowed Berkokok, menjerit girang(bayi)
Cut Cut Cut motong, mangkas, lukai, nyayat
Deal dealt dealt Sepakat,
Dig Dug Dug gali, lubangi, jotos
Dive Dived, dove dived Menyelam
Do Did Done lakukan, kerjakan, berbuat.
Draw Drew Drawn Gambar, seret, tutup (gorden)
Dream Dreamt, dreamed Dreamt, dreamed mimpi, bayang, idam
Drink Drank Drunk Minum
Drive Drove Driven nyetir, ngemudi, bermobil, menggerakkan, mengubah.
Dwell Dwelt Dwelt Bertempat tinggal, menghuni, mendiami, menduduki (berumah tangga)
Eat Ate Eaten Makan
Fall Fell fallen Jatuh, turun, gugur, rontok, merunduk
Feed Fed Fed Menyuapi, memberi makan, menafkahi.
Feel Felt Felt Meraba, merasa
Fight Fought Fought Berjuang, perang, kelahi, tinju, bertengkar
Find Found Found nemukan, dapatkan, nyadari
Flee Fled Fled Kabur, lolos, bebas
fling flung flung Lempar, jeblos, hempas, ludah, bebaskan
fly flew flown Terbang, nerbang, ngibarkan.
forbear forbore forborne nahan diri, ngelak, sabar, kelit.
Forbid, Forbade, forbad forbidden larang, cegah, tangkal
Forecast Forecast(ed) Forecast(ed) ramal, duga, kira
Foresee Foresaw Foreseen ramal, nujum.
Forget Forgot Forgotten lupa, melupakan.
Forgive Forgave Forgiven maaf, ngampuni.
Forsake Forsook Forsaken tinggalkan, abaikan.
Freeze Froze Frozen beku, takluk, terkesima.
Gainsay Gainsaid Gainsaid Menyangkal.
Get Got Got, gotten Punya, peroleh, terima, ambil, faham, kena
gild Gilded, gilt Gilded, gilt Menyepuh, mengkilat, silau, gemerlap.
give gave given beri, nyumbang, nyaji, curahkan, sampaikan.
go went gone Pergi, berangkat, mati, hilang.
grind ground ground gerinda, ngikir, ngikis
grow grew grown tanam, pelihara, tumbuh, kembang (biak)
Hamstring Hamstringed, hamstrung Hamstringed, hamstrung lumpuhkan, motong, ringkus, jerat, bekuk
Hang Hung, hanged Hung, hanged Menggantung, ter-katung2
Have had had punya, milik, peroleh.
Hear heard heard dengar
Heave Heaved, hove Heaved, hove bongkar, angkat (jangkar) menghela (nafas), nyeret
Hew hewed Hewed, hewn nebang, membabat, melibas.
Hide Hid hidden sembunyi, pendam, ngumpet
Hit Hit Hit pukul, kena
Hold Held Held pegang, gendong, tahan,
Hurt Hurt Hurt sakiti
Keep Kept kept jaga, pelihara, catat, simpan, lestarikan.
Kneel Knelt Knelt Berlutut, sujud, simpuh
Knit Knitted, knit Knitted, knit rajut, jalin, sulam, kepang, pilin ambungkembali (tuulang), menjalin.
Know Knew Known kenal, tahu, maklum
Lay Laid Laid letakkan, nyusun, bertelur.
Lead Led Led mimpin, nempuh, giring, nuntun.
Leap Leapt, leaped Leapt, leaped lompat, jingkrak.
Learn Learnt, learned Learnt, learned Belajar, mempelajari, jera.
Leave Left Left tinggalkan, biarkan, serahkan, nunda, wariskan.
Lend Lent Lent pinjam, meminjami
Lie Lay Lain baring, letak, geletak,
Light Lit, lighted Lit, lighted nyala, sulut, suluh, terangi, soroti.
Lose Lost Lost Hilang, kalah.
Make Made Made Buat, bikin, cipta
Mean Meant Meant maksud, arti, niat, makna
Meet Met Met temu, jumpa, rapat, jemput, runding.
Melt Melted Melted, molten Larut, lebur, cair, leleh, peluh
Mistake Mistook Mistaken Salah, keliru
Misunderstand Misunderstood Misunderstood Salah pengertian/faham
Mow Mowed Mown, mowed potong rumput, babat belukar, menyiangi, membajak
Partake Partook Partaken Ikut serta, ambil bagian, andil.
Pay Paid Paid bayar, lunas
Prove Proved Proved, proven buktikan, terbukti
Put Put Put Menaruh, meletakan.
Quit Quitted, quit Quitted, quit Berhenti, tinggalkan (ruangan), keluar (kerja), mundur, batal
Read Read Read baca, telaah.
Relay Relied/relayed Relied/relayed sampaikan, sambungkan, sebarkan, pancarkan (siaran)
Rend Rent Rent Mengoyak, membelah
Reset Reset Reset Memasang kembali.
Rid Rid, ridded Rid, ridded Membersihkan
Ride rode ridden tunggang (hewan), bersepeda/ motor
Ring Rang Rung telpon, bunyikan bel (alarm)/ lonceng
Rise Rose Risen Bangun, naik, terbit, bangkit, timbul, meningkat.
Run Ran Run Lari, jalankan, mimpin, ajukan, antar, kelola.
Saw Sawed Sawn, sawed Menggergaji
Say Said Said Mengatakan, berkata
See Saw Seen Melihat, mengerti.
Seek Sought Sought cari (pekerjaan, barang)
Sell Sold Sold jual, dagang
Send Sent Sent Mengirim
Set Set Set taruh, pasang, atur, tetapkan.
Sew Sewed Sewn, sewed jahit
Shake Shook Shaken goncang, kocok, geleng, (kepala), jabat (tangan)
Shave Shaved Shaved, shaven cukur (rambut, bulu, kumis, jambang), mengiris (sayur).
Shear Sheared Sheared, shom mangkas (bulu domba, biri-biri)
Shine Shone Shone Bersinar, bercahaya, berkilatan, berkelipan, gemerlap.
Shoot shot shot tembak, cetak gol, rekam gambar (dengan kamera)
Show Showed Shown, showed perlihatkan, menunjukkan, menontonkan, pamer
Shrink Shrank, shrunk Shrunk, shrunken susut, ciut, mengecil, mengerdil, menghindar.
Shut Shut Shut Menutup, mengunci
Sing Sang Sung Menyanyi, mendesing
Sink Sank Sunk, sunken tenggelam, pancang, gali, gol,
Sit Sat Sat Duduk, menduduki, bertengger
Slay Slew Slain bunuh
Sleep Slept Slept Tidur
Slide Slid Slid, slidden selip, geser, luncur, gelincir.
Sling Slung Slung nyandang, gendong
Slink Slunk Slunk selinap, menyusup
Slit Slit Slit belah, bedah, gorok.
Smell Smelt, smelled Smelt, smelled cium (membaui), endus
Smite Smote Smitten pukul, hantam, saling mencintai
sow sowed Sown, sowed taburkan (benih) sebar (benci)
Speak Spoke Spoken Bicara, berkata, bercakap
Speed Sped, speeded Sped, speeded Mempercepat
Spell Spelt, spelled Spelt, spelled Mengeja, melafal, mengabjad
Spend Spent Spent Belanja, habis, lewat
Spill Spilt, spilled Spilt, spilled Menumpahkan
Spin Spun, span Spun mutarkan, mintal, menggulung
spit spat spat Meludah
split split split Membelah, mbagi, misahkan, bedah
Spoil Spoilt, spoiled Spoilt, spoiled Memanjakan, mengganggu, merusak, membusuk(buah)
Spread Spread Spread Menyiarkan, nyebarkan, perluas/lebar, membentangkan.
Spring Sprang Sprung Bersemi, muncrat, bocorkan, retakkan, lonjak, mantul, buka, lepas.
Stand Stood Stood Berdiri, nempatkan, traktrir, dirikan, bertahan.
Steal Stole Stolen Mencuri
Stick Stuck Stuck Menikam, (belati), menusuk, lengket,, memasukan(kertas), mengancingkan, melekat.
Sting Stung Stung Menyengat, menyakitkan(hati)
Stink Stunk Stunk Berbau busuk, tidak disukai.
Strew Stressed Strewn, strewed Menaburkan
Strike Struck Struck, stricken langgar, nampar, nyambar, (mukul dengan tongkat.
Strive Strove Striven Berusaha/bekerja keras
Swear Swore Sworn Bersumpah
Sweep Swept Swept nyapu, menggeledah, merazia
Swim Swam Swum Bewrenang
Swing Swung Swung Berayun, bergelantungan.
Take Took Taken ngambil, nerima, memerlukan.
Teach Taught Taught Mengajar, menggurui
Tear Tore Torn robek, ngoyak, menagis
tell told told Menceritakan
think thought thought Memikirkan, mengira
Thrive Throve, thrived Thriven, thrived Tumbuh subur
Throw Threw Thrown Melempar, membuang
wake woke woken Membangunkan (dari tidur) bangun, sadar
Wear Wore Worn ngenakan, makai, berpakaian.
Weave Wove Woven Menenun, memilin
Weep Wept Wept nangis, (linang air mata), ratap/ raung, rengek.
Win Won Won Memenangkan
Wind Wound Wound Mutarkan (erloji, engkol), balutkan(kain), gulung (benang)
Withdraw Withdrew Withdrawn batalkan, undurkan (diri)
Wring Wrung Wrung meras(air)/kelapa
Write Wrote Written Menulis, mengarang (puisi, novel, cerpen, lagu)
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